运动与非运动活动：电子日记揭示对情绪的不同影响。
Exercise versus Nonexercise Activity: E-diaries Unravel Distinct Effects on Mood.
作者信息
Reichert Markus, Tost Heike, Reinhard Iris, Schlotz Wolff, Zipf Alexander, Salize Hans-Joachim, Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas, Ebner-Priemer Ulrich W
机构信息
1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, GERMANY; 2Department of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Baden-Wuerttemberg, GERMANY; 3Division of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, GERMANY; 4Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, GERMANY; 5Institute of Geography, GIScience Research Group, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, GERMANY; and 6Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Baden-Wuerttemberg, GERMANY.
出版信息
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Apr;49(4):763-773. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001149.
INTRODUCTION
The association between physical activity and mood is of major importance to increase physical activity as a prevention strategy for noncommunicable diseases and to improve mental health. Unfortunately, existing studies examining how physical activity and mood wax and wane within persons over time in everyday life do show ambiguous findings. Taking a closer look at these studies reveals that the aggregation levels differ tremendously. Whereas mood is conceptualized as a three-dimensional construct, physical activity is treated as a global construct not taking into account its distinct components like exercise (such as jogging) and nonexercise activity (NEA; such as climbing stairs).
METHODS
To overcome these limitations, we conducted an ambulatory assessment study on the everyday life of 106 adults over 7 d continuously measuring NEA via accelerometers and repeatedly querying for mood in real time via GPS-triggered e-diaries. We used multilevel modeling to derive differential within-subject effects of exercise versus NEA on mood and to conduct analyses on the temporal course of effects.
RESULTS
Analyses revealed that exercise increased valence (beta = 0.023; P < 0.05) and calmness (beta = 0.022; P < 0.05). A tendency of decreasing energetic arousal (beta = -0.029) lacked significance. NEA, parameterized as 15-min episodes of physical activity intensity in everyday life, increased energetic arousal (beta = 0.135; P < 0.001) and decreased calmness (stand. beta = -0.080; P < 0.001). A tendency of increasing valence (beta = 0.014) lacked significance. Using longer time intervals for NEA revealed similar findings, thus confirming our findings.
CONCLUSION
Exercise and NEA differed regarding their within-subject effects on mood, whereas exercise increased valence and calmness, NEA increased energetic arousal and decreased calmness. Therefore, it appears necessary to clearly differentiate between exercise and NEA regarding their within-subject effects on mood dimensions in both research and treatment.
引言
身体活动与情绪之间的关联对于将增加身体活动作为非传染性疾病的预防策略以及改善心理健康至关重要。不幸的是，现有研究探讨身体活动和情绪在日常生活中随时间在个体内部如何起伏波动，结果却含糊不清。仔细审视这些研究发现，其汇总水平差异极大。情绪被概念化为一个三维结构，而身体活动则被视为一个整体结构，未考虑其不同组成部分，如锻炼（如慢跑）和非锻炼活动（NEA；如爬楼梯）。
方法
为克服这些局限性，我们对106名成年人的日常生活进行了一项动态评估研究，通过加速度计连续7天测量NEA，并通过GPS触发的电子日记实时反复询问情绪状况。我们使用多层次模型来推导锻炼与NEA对情绪的个体内部差异效应，并对效应的时间进程进行分析。
结果
分析表明，锻炼增加了愉悦感（β = 0.023；P < 0.05）和平静感（β = 0.022；P < 0.05）。精力充沛感有下降趋势（β = -0.029）但无统计学意义。NEA以日常生活中15分钟的身体活动强度时段为参数，增加了精力充沛感（β = 0.135；P < 0.001）并降低了平静感（标准β = -0.080；P < 0.001）。愉悦感有上升趋势（β = 0.014）但无统计学意义。对NEA使用更长的时间间隔得出了类似结果，从而证实了我们的发现。
结论
锻炼和NEA在对情绪的个体内部效应方面存在差异，锻炼增加了愉悦感和平静感，而NEA增加了精力充沛感并降低了平静感。因此，在研究和治疗中，似乎有必要在它们对情绪维度的个体内部效应方面明确区分锻炼和NEA。
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