Kanning Martina, Ebner-Priemer Ulrich, Schlicht Wolfgang
Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Division I Exercise and Health Science, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 15, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
Department of Sport and Sport Science and House of Competence, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015 Sep 17;12:111. doi: 10.1186/s12966-015-0272-7.
Evidence suggests that older adults show positive affects after participating in exercise bouts. However, it is less clear, if and how physical activities in daily living enhance affective states, too. This is dissatisfying, as most of older adults' physical activities are part of their daily living. To answer these questions we used activity-triggered e-diaries to investigate the within-subject effects of physical activity on three dimensions of affective states (valence, energetic arousal, calmness) during everyday life.
Older adults (N = 74) between 50 and 70 years took part in the study during three consecutive days. Physical activity in daily living was objectively assessed using accelerometers. Affects were measured 10 min after a study participant surpassed a predefined threshold for activity or inactivity. The participants were prompted by an acoustic signal to assess their momentary affective states on an e-diary. Data were analyzed with hierarchical multilevel analyses.
Whenever older individuals were more physically active, they felt more energized (energetic arousal) and agitated (calmness). However, they did not feel better (valence). Interestingly, body mass index (BMI) and valence were associated in a significant cross-level interaction. BMI acts as a moderating variable in the way that lower BMI scores were associated with higher levels of valence scores after being physically active.
The innovative ambulatory assessment used here affords an interesting insight to the affective effects of daily activity of older adults. These effects are no simple and no linear ones, i.e. physical activity is not associated with positive affects per se as shown several times in experimental studies with single activity bouts. Rather there is a differentiating association seen as an enhanced feeling of energy and agitation, which is not accompanied by a better feeling. Socio-emotional selectivity theory may support the finding that older individuals are emotionally more stable during their day-to-day life, which might explain the non-significant effect on the affect dimension valence.
有证据表明，老年人在参与运动后会表现出积极情绪。然而，日常生活中的体育活动是否以及如何增强情绪状态，目前尚不清楚。这令人不满，因为大多数老年人的体育活动都是日常生活的一部分。为了回答这些问题，我们使用活动触发式电子日记来研究体育活动对日常生活中情绪状态三个维度（效价、精力唤醒、平静）的个体内效应。
50至70岁的老年人（N = 74）连续三天参与该研究。使用加速度计客观评估日常生活中的体育活动。在研究参与者超过预先定义的活动或不活动阈值10分钟后测量情绪。通过声音信号提示参与者在电子日记上评估他们的瞬时情绪状态。数据采用分层多级分析进行分析。
每当老年人身体活动更多时，他们会感到更有活力（精力唤醒）和更激动（平静）。然而，他们并没有感觉更好（效价）。有趣的是，体重指数（BMI）与效价在显著的跨层次交互作用中相关。BMI起到调节变量的作用，即较低的BMI分数与身体活动后较高的效价分数相关。
这里使用的创新动态评估为老年人日常活动的情绪影响提供了有趣的见解。这些影响不是简单的线性影响，即体育活动本身并不像在单次运动实验研究中多次显示的那样与积极情绪相关。相反，存在一种差异化的关联，表现为能量和激动情绪的增强，但并没有伴随着更好的感觉。社会情感选择性理论可能支持这样的发现，即老年人在日常生活中情绪上更稳定，这可能解释了对情绪维度效价没有显著影响的原因。
