Proverbio Alice Mado
Milan-Mi Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
J Neurosci Res. 2017 Jan 2;95(1-2):222-234. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23817.
Several studies have demonstrated that women show a greater interest for social information and empathic attitude than men. This article reviews studies on sex differences in the brain, with particular reference to how males and females process faces and facial expressions, social interactions, pain of others, infant faces, faces in things (pareidolia phenomenon), opposite-sex faces, humans vs. landscapes, incongruent behavior, motor actions, biological motion, erotic pictures, and emotional information. Sex differences in oxytocin-based attachment response and emotional memory are also mentioned. In addition, we investigated how 400 different human faces were evaluated for arousal and valence dimensions by a group of healthy male and female University students. Stimuli were carefully balanced for sensory and perceptual characteristics, age, facial expression, and sex. As a whole, women judged all human faces as more positive and more arousing than men. Furthermore, they showed a preference for the faces of children and the elderly in the arousal evaluation. Regardless of face aesthetics, age, or facial expression, women rated human faces higher than men. The preference for opposite- vs. same-sex faces strongly interacted with facial age. Overall, both women and men exhibited differences in facial processing that could be interpreted in the light of evolutionary psychobiology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
多项研究表明，女性比男性对社会信息和共情态度表现出更大的兴趣。本文回顾了关于大脑性别差异的研究，特别提及男性和女性如何处理面孔和面部表情、社会互动、他人的痛苦、婴儿面孔、事物中的面孔（空想性错视现象）、异性面孔、人类与风景、不协调行为、运动动作、生物运动、色情图片以及情感信息。文中还提到了基于催产素的依恋反应和情感记忆方面的性别差异。此外，我们调查了一组健康的男女大学生如何对400张不同的人脸在唤醒和效价维度上进行评估。刺激物在感官和感知特征、年龄、面部表情及性别方面进行了精心平衡。总体而言，女性认为所有的人脸都比男性更积极且更能引起唤醒。此外，在唤醒评估中，她们表现出对儿童和老年人面孔的偏好。无论面孔的美观程度、年龄或面部表情如何，女性对人脸的评分都高于男性。对异性面孔与同性面孔的偏好与面部年龄有强烈的相互作用。总体而言，男性和女性在面部处理上都表现出差异，这些差异可以根据进化心理生物学来解释。© 2016威利期刊公司
