Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale Ricerca sul Cancro, L.go Rosanna Benzi 10, Genoa, Italy.
School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 2016 Oct-Dec;770(Pt A):183-203. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.04.006. Epub 2016 May 26.
Pesticides are widely used around the world, and hundreds of millions of people are exposed annually in occupational and environmental settings. Numerous studies have demonstrated relationships between pesticide exposure and increased risk of cancers, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, respiratory diseases and diabetes. Assessment of genotoxicity of pesticides and biomonitoring their effect in exposed populations is critical for a better regulation and protection, but it can be complicated because pesticides are often used as complex mixtures. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes (L-CBMN) is a validated method of assessment of DNA damage induced by clastogenic and aneuploidogenic mechanisms. The goal of this review is to provide an updated summary of publications on biomonitoring studies using this assay in people exposed to pesticides in different settings, and to identify gaps in knowledge, and future directions. A literature search was conducted through MedLine/PubMed and TOXLINE electronic databases up to December 2015. A total of 55 full-text articles, related to 49 studies, excluding reviews, were selected for in depth analysis, divided by the settings where exposures occurred, such as chemical plant workers, pesticide sprayers, floriculturists, agricultural workers and non-occupationally exposed groups. Majority of studies (36 out of 49) reported positive findings with L-CBMN assay. However, most of the studies of professional applicators that used single pesticide or few compounds in the framework of specific programs did not show significant increases in MN frequency. A decreased level of pesticide-induced genotoxicity was associated with the proper use of personal protection. In contrast, subjects working in greenhouses or during intensive spraying season and having acute exposure, showed consistent increases in MN frequency. Overall, this analysis confirmed that L-CBMN is an excellent tool for pesticide biomonitoring, and can validate the effects of educational and intervention programs on reducing exposure and genetic damage.
农药在全球范围内广泛使用，每年有数亿人在职业和环境环境中接触农药。许多研究表明，接触农药与癌症、神经退行性和神经发育障碍、呼吸道疾病和糖尿病的风险增加之间存在关系。评估农药的遗传毒性并监测其在暴露人群中的作用对于更好的监管和保护至关重要，但这可能很复杂，因为农药通常作为复杂混合物使用。人外周血淋巴细胞胞质分裂阻滞微核试验（L-CBMN）是评估裂体和非整倍体机制诱导的 DNA 损伤的一种已验证的方法。本综述的目的是提供一份关于在不同环境中接触农药的人群中使用该检测方法进行生物监测研究的最新文献综述，并确定知识空白和未来方向。通过 MedLine/PubMed 和 TOXLINE 电子数据库进行了文献检索，检索时间截至 2015 年 12 月。共筛选出 55 篇全文文章，涉及 49 项研究，不包括综述，这些文章根据暴露发生的环境进行了分类，如化工厂工人、农药喷雾器工人、花卉工人、农业工人和非职业接触组。大多数研究（49 项研究中的 36 项）报告了 L-CBMN 检测的阳性结果。然而，大多数职业施药者的研究使用单一农药或几种化合物，这些研究是在特定方案框架内进行的，并未显示 MN 频率显著增加。适当使用个人防护用品与降低农药诱导的遗传毒性水平有关。相比之下，在温室或密集喷洒季节工作且急性暴露的受试者，MN 频率持续增加。总体而言，该分析证实 L-CBMN 是农药生物监测的一种极好工具，可验证教育和干预计划在减少暴露和遗传损伤方面的效果。
