Westerterp K R
Department of Human biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017 Mar;71(3):340-344. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.237. Epub 2016 Nov 30.
Energy expenditure is determined by body size and body composition and by food intake and physical activity. Body size and body composition are the determinants of resting energy expenditure. Higher weight results in higher energy requirement through a higher resting requirement because of a higher maintenance cost of a larger body. Activity-induced energy expenditure is the most variable component of total energy expenditure. Smaller and leaner subjects generally move more as activity energy expenditure in larger subjects is not higher in proportion to the cost of moving with a higher body weight. Food intake induces changes in energy expenditure as a function of changes in body size and body composition. In addition, energy restriction induces an adaptive reduction of energy expenditure through a lowering of tissue metabolism and a reduction of body movement. An exercise-induced increase in activity expenditure is a function of the training status. In untrained subjects, exercise induces a larger increase in total energy expenditure than can be attributed to the energy cost of a training program. Trained subjects have a higher performance at the same expenditure through a higher exercise economy.
能量消耗由身体大小、身体组成、食物摄入量和身体活动决定。身体大小和身体组成是静息能量消耗的决定因素。体重增加会因较大身体的维持成本较高而导致静息需求增加，从而使能量需求增加。活动引起的能量消耗是总能量消耗中变化最大的部分。体型较小且较瘦的人通常活动量更大，因为体型较大者的活动能量消耗与其较高体重的运动成本不成比例地更高。食物摄入量会根据身体大小和身体组成的变化引起能量消耗的变化。此外，能量限制会通过降低组织代谢和减少身体活动来适应性地降低能量消耗。运动引起的活动消耗增加是训练状态的函数。在未经训练的受试者中，运动引起的总能量消耗增加幅度大于训练计划的能量成本。经过训练的受试者在相同的能量消耗下通过更高的运动经济性表现更佳。
