John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
Nature. 2016 Dec 14;540(7633):371-378. doi: 10.1038/nature21003.
Light- and ink-based three-dimensional (3D) printing methods allow the rapid design and fabrication of materials without the need for expensive tooling, dies or lithographic masks. They have led to an era of manufacturing in which computers can control the fabrication of soft matter that has tunable mechanical, electrical and other functional properties. The expanding range of printable materials, coupled with the ability to programmably control their composition and architecture across various length scales, is driving innovation in myriad applications. This is illustrated by examples of biologically inspired composites, shape-morphing systems, soft sensors and robotics that only additive manufacturing can produce.
基于光和墨水的三维（3D）打印方法无需昂贵的模具、模具或光刻掩模，即可快速设计和制造材料。它们带来了制造的新时代，在这个时代，计算机可以控制具有可调节机械、电气和其他功能特性的软物质的制造。可打印材料的范围不断扩大，再加上能够跨各种长度尺度可编程地控制其组成和结构，正在推动无数应用的创新。受生物启发的复合材料、形状变形系统、软传感器和机器人的例子说明了这一点，而这些只有通过增材制造才能生产。
