McIntosh J Richard, Hays Thomas
Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Medical School and College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55455, USA.
Biology (Basel). 2016 Dec 21;5(4):55. doi: 10.3390/biology5040055.
This chapter describes in summary form some of the most important research on chromosome segregation, from the discovery and naming of mitosis in the nineteenth century until around 1990. It gives both historical and scientific background for the nine chapters that follow, each of which provides an up-to-date review of a specific aspect of mitotic mechanism. Here, we trace the fruits of each new technology that allowed a deeper understanding of mitosis and its underlying mechanisms. We describe how light microscopy, including phase, polarization, and fluorescence optics, provided descriptive information about mitotic events and also enabled important experimentation on mitotic functions, such as the dynamics of spindle fibers and the forces generated for chromosome movement. We describe studies by electron microscopy, including quantitative work with serial section reconstructions. We review early results from spindle biochemistry and genetics, coupled to molecular biology, as these methods allowed scholars to identify key molecular components of mitotic mechanisms. We also review hypotheses about mitotic mechanisms whose testing led to a deeper understanding of this fundamental biological event. Our goal is to provide modern scientists with an appreciation of the work that has laid the foundations for their current work and interests.
本章以总结的形式描述了一些关于染色体分离的最重要研究，从19世纪有丝分裂的发现和命名一直到1990年左右。它为接下来的九章提供了历史和科学背景，每一章都对有丝分裂机制的一个特定方面进行了最新综述。在这里，我们追溯了每项新技术所带来的成果，这些成果使人们对有丝分裂及其潜在机制有了更深入的理解。我们描述了光学显微镜，包括相差、偏振和荧光光学显微镜，如何提供有关有丝分裂事件的描述性信息，以及如何开展关于有丝分裂功能的重要实验，如纺锤体纤维的动态变化以及染色体移动所产生的力。我们描述了电子显微镜的研究，包括对连续切片重建的定量工作。我们回顾了纺锤体生物化学和遗传学与分子生物学相结合的早期研究结果，因为这些方法使学者们能够识别有丝分裂机制的关键分子成分。我们还回顾了关于有丝分裂机制的假说，对这些假说的验证加深了我们对这一基本生物学事件的理解。我们的目标是让现代科学家了解为他们当前的工作和兴趣奠定基础的研究工作。
