Sridhara Amruta, Shimamoto Yuta
Laboratory of Physics and Cell Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan.
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan.
Biophys Rev. 2024 Sep 30;16(5):613-624. doi: 10.1007/s12551-024-01236-z. eCollection 2024 Oct.
During cell division, the network of microtubules undergoes massive rearrangement to self-organize into the spindle, a bipolar structure essential for accurate chromosome segregation. This structure ensures the stable transmission of the genome from the mother cell to two daughter cells, yet the process by which the ordered architecture emerges from a collection of protein "parts" remains a mystery. In this review, we focus on several key spindle proteins, describing how they move, crosslink, and grow microtubules in vitro and contribute to the spindle's structural organization. We categorize these proteins into groups, such as transporters, bundlers, and nucleators, to highlight their functional roles. We also present an advanced perspective on the spindle's complex polymer architecture and its temporal assembly order in cellular contexts. This in situ level information should guide the minimal reconstitution of the spindle, helping to elucidate the biophysical principles underlying essential cytoskeletal self-organization.
在细胞分裂过程中，微管网络会经历大规模重排，以自组织形成纺锤体，这是一种对精确染色体分离至关重要的双极结构。这种结构确保基因组从母细胞稳定传递到两个子细胞，但有序结构如何从一组蛋白质“部件”中形成的过程仍是一个谜。在这篇综述中，我们聚焦于几种关键的纺锤体蛋白，描述它们在体外如何移动、交联和生长微管，并对纺锤体的结构组织做出贡献。我们将这些蛋白分为几类，如转运蛋白、成束蛋白和成核蛋白，以突出它们的功能作用。我们还对纺锤体复杂的聚合物结构及其在细胞环境中的时间组装顺序提出了一个进阶观点。这种原位水平的信息应该能指导纺锤体的最小化重建，有助于阐明基本细胞骨架自组织背后的生物物理原理。
