Eroglu Mehmet S, Oner Ebru Toksoy, Mutlu Esra Cansever, Bostan Muge Sennaroglu
Department of Chemical Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Curr Top Med Chem. 2017;17(13):1507-1520. doi: 10.2174/1568026616666161222101703.
Since last decade, sugar based biopolymers are recognized in nanomedicine as promising materials for cancer imaging and therapy. Their durable, biocompatible and adhesive properties enable the fine tuning of their molecular weights (MW) and their miscellaneous nature makes the molecules acquire various conformations. These in turn provide effective endocytosis by cancer cell membranes that have already been programmed for internalization of different kinds of sugars. Therefore, biocompatible sugar based nanoparticles (SBNPs) are suitable for both cell-selective delivery of drugs and imaging through the human body. Recently, well known sugar-based markers have displayed superior performance to overcome tumor metastasis. Thereby, targeting strategies for cancer cells have been broadened to sugar-based markers as noticed in various clinic phases. In these studies, biopolymers such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, mannan, dextran, levan, pectin, cyclodextrin, chondroitin sulphate, alginates, amylose and heparin are chemically functionalized and structurally designed as new biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs). The future cancer treatment strategies will mainly comprise of these multifunctional sugar based nanoparticles which combine the therapeutic agents with imaging technologies with the aim of rapid monitoring response to therapies. While each individual imaging and treatment step requires a long time period in effective treatment of diseases, these multifunctional sugar based nanoparticles will have the advantage of rapid detection, right drug efficiency evaluation and immediate interfere opportunity to some important diseases, especially rapidly progressing cancers. In this article, we evaluated synthesis, characterization and applications of main sugar based biopolymers and discussed their great promise in nano-formulations for cancer imaging and therapy. However much should be done and optimized prior to clinical applications of these nano-formulations for an efficient drug treatment without overall toxicity for getting most effective clinical results.
自上一个十年以来，基于糖的生物聚合物在纳米医学中被公认为是用于癌症成像和治疗的有前景的材料。它们具有耐久性、生物相容性和粘附性，能够对其分子量（MW）进行微调，并且其多样的性质使分子能够获得各种构象。这些反过来又通过已经被编程用于内化不同种类糖的癌细胞膜实现有效的内吞作用。因此，生物相容性基于糖的纳米颗粒（SBNPs）适用于药物的细胞选择性递送以及在人体内的成像。最近，众所周知的基于糖的标记物已显示出在克服肿瘤转移方面的卓越性能。由此，癌细胞的靶向策略已扩展到在各个临床阶段都受到关注的基于糖的标记物。在这些研究中，壳聚糖、透明质酸、甘露聚糖、葡聚糖、果聚糖、果胶、环糊精、硫酸软骨素、藻酸盐、直链淀粉和肝素等生物聚合物经过化学功能化和结构设计成为新型生物相容性纳米颗粒（NPs）。未来的癌症治疗策略将主要由这些多功能基于糖的纳米颗粒组成，它们将治疗剂与成像技术相结合，旨在快速监测对治疗的反应。虽然在有效治疗疾病时，每个单独的成像和治疗步骤都需要很长时间，但这些多功能基于糖的纳米颗粒将具有快速检测、正确评估药物疗效以及对某些重要疾病，尤其是快速进展的癌症立即进行干预的优势。在本文中，我们评估了主要基于糖的生物聚合物的合成、表征和应用，并讨论了它们在癌症成像和治疗的纳米制剂中的巨大前景。然而，在这些纳米制剂用于临床应用之前，为了获得最有效的临床结果且无总体毒性地进行高效药物治疗，仍有许多工作需要完成和优化。
