Rodríguez Candelario, Rollins-Smith Louise, Ibáñez Roberto, Durant-Archibold Armando A, Gutiérrez Marcelino
Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones, Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama 0843-01103, Republic of Panama; Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, India.
Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2017 Feb 23;198:235-254. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.021. Epub 2016 Dec 27.
Among amphibians, 15 of the 47 species reported to be used in traditional medicines belong to the family Bufonidae, which demonstrates their potential in pharmacological and natural products research. For example, Asian and American tribes use the skin and the parotoid gland secretions of some common toads in the treatment of hemorrhages, bites and stings from venomous animals, skin and stomach disorders, as well as several types of cancers.
In addition to reviewing the occurrence of chemical constituents present in the family Bufonidae, the cytotoxic and biomedical potential of the active compounds produced by different taxa are presented.
Available information on bioactive compounds isolated from species of the family Bufonidae was obtained from ACS Publications, Google, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Sciendirect and Springer. Papers written in Chinese, English, German and Spanish were considered.
Recent reports show more than 30% of amphibians are in decline and some of bufonid species are considered to be extinct. For centuries, bufonids have been used as traditional folk remedies to treat allergies, inflammation, cancer, infections and other ailments, highlighting their importance as a prolific source for novel drugs and therapies. Toxins and bioactive chemical constituents from skin and parotid gland secretions of bufonid species can be grouped in five families, the guanidine alkaloids isolated and characterized from Atelopus, the lipophilic alkaloids isolated from Melanophryniscus, the indole alkaloids and bufadienolides known to be synthesized by species of bufonids, and peptides and proteins isolated from the skin and gastrointestinal extracts of some common toads. Overall, the bioactive secretions of this family of anurans may have antimicrobial, protease inhibitor and anticancer properties, as well as being active at the neuromuscular level.
In this article, the traditional uses, toxicity and pharmacological potential of chemical compounds from bufonids have been summarized. In spite of being reported to be used to treat several diseases, neither extracts nor metabolites from bufonids have been tested in such illness like acne, osteoporosis, arthritis and other illnesses. However, the cytotoxicity of these metabolites needs to be evaluated on adequate animal models due to the limited conditions of in vitro assays. Novel qualitative and quantitative tools based on MS spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy is now available to study the complex secretions of bufonids.
在两栖动物中，据报道有47种被用于传统药物，其中15种属于蟾蜍科，这表明它们在药理学和天然产物研究方面具有潜力。例如，亚洲和美洲部落使用一些常见蟾蜍的皮肤和腮腺分泌物来治疗出血、毒蛇咬伤、皮肤和胃部疾病以及几种癌症。
除了综述蟾蜍科中化学成分的存在情况外，还介绍了不同分类群产生的活性化合物的细胞毒性和生物医学潜力。
从美国化学学会出版物、谷歌、谷歌学术、PubMed、科学Direct和施普林格等获取从蟾蜍科物种中分离出的生物活性化合物的可用信息。考虑了用中文、英文、德文和西班牙文撰写的论文。
最近的报告显示，超过30%的两栖动物数量正在减少，一些蟾蜍物种被认为已经灭绝。几个世纪以来，蟾蜍一直被用作传统民间药物来治疗过敏、炎症、癌症、感染和其他疾病，这凸显了它们作为新药和疗法丰富来源的重要性。蟾蜍物种皮肤和腮腺分泌物中的毒素和生物活性化学成分可分为五个家族，从箭毒蛙属分离和鉴定的胍生物碱，从黑蟾属分离的亲脂性生物碱，已知由蟾蜍科物种合成的吲哚生物碱和蟾毒配基，以及从一些常见蟾蜍的皮肤和胃肠道提取物中分离的肽和蛋白质。总体而言，这类无尾两栖动物的生物活性分泌物可能具有抗菌、蛋白酶抑制和抗癌特性，以及在神经肌肉水平上的活性。
本文总结了蟾蜍科化合物的传统用途、毒性和药理潜力。尽管据报道蟾蜍被用于治疗多种疾病，但蟾蜍的提取物和代谢物都未在痤疮、骨质疏松症、关节炎等疾病中进行过测试。然而，由于体外试验条件有限，需要在适当的动物模型上评估这些代谢物的细胞毒性。基于质谱和核磁共振光谱的新型定性和定量工具现在可用于研究蟾蜍的复杂分泌物。
