a International Center for Research on Women , Washington , DC , USA.
b Consultant , Raleigh , NC , USA.
Psychol Health Med. 2017 Mar;22(sup1):122-134. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2016.1271954. Epub 2017 Jan 9.
Violence in childhood is a widespread human rights violation that crosses cultural, social and economic lines. Social norms, the shared perceptions about others that exist within social groups, are a critical driver that can either prevent or perpetuate violence in childhood. This review defines injunctive and descriptive social norms and lays out a conceptual framework for the relationship between social norms and violence in childhood, including the forces shaping social norms, the mechanisms through which these norms influence violence in childhood (e.g. fear of social sanctions, internalization of normative behavior), and the drivers and maintainers of norms related to violence in childhood. It further provides a review of theory and evidence-based practices for shifting these social norms including strategic approaches (targeting social norms directly, changing attitudes to shift social norms, and changing behavior to shift social norms), core principles (e.g. using public health frameworks), and intervention strategies (e.g. engaging bystanders, involving stakeholders, using combination prevention). As a key driver of violence in childhood, social norms should be an integral component of any comprehensive effort to mitigate this threat to human rights. Understanding how people's perceptions are shaped, propagated, and, ultimately, altered is crucial to preventing violence in childhood.
童年期暴力是一种普遍存在的侵犯人权行为，跨越了文化、社会和经济界限。社会规范是社会群体内部对他人的共同看法，是防止或延续童年期暴力的一个关键驱动因素。本综述定义了约束性和描述性社会规范，并阐述了社会规范与童年期暴力之间关系的概念框架，包括塑造社会规范的力量、这些规范影响童年期暴力的机制（例如，对社会制裁的恐惧、规范行为的内化），以及与童年期暴力相关的规范的驱动因素和维持因素。它进一步回顾了改变这些社会规范的理论和循证实践，包括战略方法（直接针对社会规范、改变态度以改变社会规范，以及改变行为以改变社会规范）、核心原则（例如，利用公共卫生框架）和干预策略（例如，吸引旁观者、涉及利益相关者、使用综合预防措施）。由于社会规范是童年期暴力的主要驱动因素之一，因此它应该是减轻这一对人权的威胁的任何全面努力的一个组成部分。了解人们的看法是如何形成、传播和最终改变的，对于预防童年期暴力至关重要。
