Shi Yan, Mu Libing
Institute of Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada.
Cell Mol Immunol. 2017 Apr;14(4):339-348. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2016.64. Epub 2017 Jan 9.
Gastrointestinal commensal microbiota is a concentrated mix of microbial life forms, including bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses. These life forms are targets of host antimicrobial defense in order to establish a homeostatic symbiosis inside the host. However, they are also instrumental in shaping the functions of our immune system via a diverse set of communication mechanisms. In the gut, T helper 17, regulatory T and B cells are continuously tuned by specific microbial strains and metabolic processes. These cells in return help to establish a mutually beneficial exchange with the gut microbial contents. Imbalances in this symbiosis lead to dysregulations in the host's ability to control infections and the development of autoimmune diseases. In addition, the commensal microbiota has a significant and obligatory role in shaping both gut intrinsic and distal lymphoid organs, casting a large impact on the overall immune landscape in the host. This review discusses the major components of the microbial community in the gut and how its members collectively and individually exert regulatory roles in the host immune system and lymphoid structure development, as well as the functions of several major immune cell types.
胃肠道共生微生物群是微生物生命形式的集中组合，包括细菌、真菌、古菌和病毒。这些生命形式是宿主抗菌防御的目标，以便在宿主体内建立稳态共生关系。然而，它们也通过多种通讯机制对塑造我们免疫系统的功能发挥作用。在肠道中，辅助性T细胞17、调节性T细胞和B细胞不断受到特定微生物菌株和代谢过程的调节。反过来，这些细胞有助于与肠道微生物成分建立互利的交换。这种共生关系的失衡会导致宿主控制感染的能力失调以及自身免疫性疾病的发展。此外，共生微生物群在塑造肠道固有和远端淋巴器官方面具有重要且必不可少的作用，对宿主的整体免疫格局产生重大影响。本综述讨论了肠道微生物群落的主要组成部分，以及其成员如何集体和个体地在宿主免疫系统和淋巴结构发育中发挥调节作用，以及几种主要免疫细胞类型的功能。
