Pfiffner L J, O'Leary S G
Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine 92715.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1989 Oct;17(5):527-40. doi: 10.1007/BF00916511.
Oppositional behavior problems frequently begin in early childhood and remain stable over time. Correlational data point to the importance of parental discipline and nurturance in their development. This study investigated experimentally some of the hypotheses suggested by these correlational data. The effects of immediate, short, firm reprimands and delayed, long, gentle reprimands on transgressions and appropriate play were examined in the context of either high or low nurturant maternal interaction. Forty children (18-31 months) and their mothers participated. Children exposed to reprimands that were immediate, short, and firm transgressed significantly less often and exhibited more negative affect than those exposed to reprimands that were delayed, long, and gentle. The only effect of nurturance was on children's negative affect, with a high level of nurturance increasing negative affect when immediate, short, firm reprimands were delivered. The results indicate that the manner in which reprimands are delivered is critical in influencing children's misbehavior, but the role of nurturance during disciplinary situations is less clear.
对立行为问题通常始于幼儿期，并随时间保持稳定。相关数据表明父母的管教和关爱在其发展中的重要性。本研究通过实验调查了这些相关数据所提出的一些假设。在高关爱或低关爱母亲互动的背景下，研究了即时、简短、严厉的斥责和延迟、冗长、温和的斥责对违规行为和适当玩耍的影响。40名儿童（18 - 31个月）及其母亲参与了研究。与接受延迟、冗长、温和斥责的儿童相比，接受即时、简短、严厉斥责的儿童违规次数显著减少，且表现出更多的负面情绪。关爱的唯一影响是对儿童的负面情绪，当给予即时、简短、严厉的斥责时，高关爱水平会增加负面情绪。结果表明，斥责的方式在影响儿童的不当行为方面至关重要，但在纪律情境中关爱的作用尚不清楚。
