Cao Ling, Chen Yong, Dong Shuanglin, Hanson Arthur, Huang Bo, Leadbitter Duncan, Little David C, Pikitch Ellen K, Qiu Yongsong, Sadovy de Mitcheson Yvonne, Sumaila Ussif Rashid, Williams Meryl, Xue Guifang, Ye Yimin, Zhang Wenbo, Zhou Yingqi, Zhuang Ping, Naylor Rosamond L
Institute of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jan 17;114(3):435-442. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1616583114.
China's 13th Five-Year Plan, launched in March 2016, provides a sound policy platform for the protection of marine ecosystems and the restoration of capture fisheries within China's exclusive economic zone. What distinguishes China among many other countries striving for marine fisheries reform is its size-accounting for almost one-fifth of global catch volume-and the unique cultural context of its economic and resource management. In this paper, we trace the history of Chinese government priorities, policies, and outcomes related to marine fisheries since the 1978 Economic Reform, and examine how the current leadership's agenda for "ecological civilization" could successfully transform marine resource management in the coming years. We show how China, like many other countries, has experienced a decline in the average trophic level of its capture fisheries during the past few decades, and how its policy design, implementation, and enforcement have influenced the status of its wild fish stocks. To reverse the trend in declining fish stocks, the government is introducing a series of new programs for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, with greater traceability and accountability in marine resource management and area controls on coastal development. As impressive as these new plans are on paper, we conclude that serious institutional reforms will be needed to achieve a true paradigm shift in marine fisheries management in China. In particular, we recommend new institutions for science-based fisheries management, secure fishing access, policy consistency across provinces, educational programs for fisheries managers, and increasing public access to scientific data.
中国于2016年3月启动的“十三五”规划，为保护中国专属经济区内的海洋生态系统和恢复捕捞渔业提供了良好的政策平台。中国在众多致力于海洋渔业改革的国家中与众不同，这体现在其规模——占全球捕捞量近五分之一——以及其经济和资源管理独特的文化背景。在本文中，我们追溯了自1978年经济改革以来中国政府在海洋渔业方面的优先事项、政策及成果的历史，并探讨当前领导层的“生态文明”议程如何在未来数年成功转变海洋资源管理。我们展示了中国如何像许多其他国家一样，在过去几十年里经历了捕捞渔业平均营养级的下降，以及其政策设计、实施和执行如何影响了野生鱼类种群的状况。为扭转鱼类种群数量下降的趋势，政府正在推出一系列可持续渔业和水产养殖的新计划，在海洋资源管理方面提高可追溯性和问责制，并对沿海开发进行区域控制。尽管这些新计划在纸面上令人印象深刻，但我们得出结论，中国要在海洋渔业管理方面实现真正的范式转变，还需要进行重大的体制改革。特别是，我们建议设立基于科学的渔业管理新机构、确保捕捞准入、实现各省政策的一致性、为渔业管理人员开展教育项目，并增加公众对科学数据的获取。
