Rizzo Renata, Gulisano Mariangela, Martino Davide, Robertson Mary May
1 Section of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catania , Catania, Italy .
2 Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust , London, United Kingdom .
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017 Apr;27(3):243-249. doi: 10.1089/cap.2016.0120. Epub 2017 Jan 18.
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and depression are both common disorders. It has been suggested that depression occurs in 13%-76% GTS patients. Despite this, there are few studies into the specific relationships and correlates between the two disorders. There is only some consensus as to the precise relationship between the two disorders.
We undertook the study to investigate the relationship between depressive symptomatology and the core clinical features of GTS in a well-characterized clinical population of youth with this disorder. Our aim was to verify the association between depression and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and explore further other potential associations highlighted in some, but not all, of the studies focused on this topic.
Our results demonstrated that (1) the GTS patients were significantly older than the controls, (2) the GTS patients were significantly more depressed than controls, (3) depression was associated with tic severity, (4) the Diagnostic Confidence Index scores were higher in GTS patients without depression, (5) anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and behavioral problems were significantly associated with depression, and (6) finally, patients with GTS and depression have a positive family history of depression. However, obsessionality (CY-BOCS) did not differentiate between depressed and not depressed GTS patients.
Depression is common in patients with GTS and occurs significantly more in GTS than in controls. Depression is significantly associated with GTS factors such as tic severity, comorbidity with ADHD, and the presence of coexistent anxiety, CDs, and behavior problems. Depression is importantly significantly associated with a positive family history of depression. Intriguingly, depression in our sample was not related to obsessionality.
抽动秽语综合征（GTS）和抑郁症都是常见疾病。据报道，13%-76%的GTS患者会出现抑郁症。尽管如此，针对这两种疾病之间的具体关系及相关因素的研究却很少。关于这两种疾病的确切关系，目前仅有一些共识。
我们开展这项研究，旨在调查患有该疾病的特征明确的青年临床群体中，抑郁症状与GTS核心临床特征之间的关系。我们的目的是验证抑郁症与共病强迫症之间的关联，并进一步探究在部分（而非全部）关注该主题的研究中所强调的其他潜在关联。
我们的研究结果表明：（1）GTS患者的年龄显著大于对照组；（2）GTS患者的抑郁程度显著高于对照组；（3）抑郁与抽动严重程度相关；（4）无抑郁症的GTS患者的诊断信心指数得分更高；（5）焦虑、注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）、品行障碍（CD）及行为问题与抑郁显著相关；（6）最后，患有GTS和抑郁症的患者有抑郁症家族史。然而，强迫观念（CY-BOCS）在抑郁和未抑郁的GTS患者之间并无差异。
抑郁症在GTS患者中很常见，且在GTS患者中出现的频率显著高于对照组。抑郁与GTS的一些因素显著相关，如抽动严重程度、与ADHD共病以及并存焦虑、CD和行为问题。抑郁与抑郁症家族史呈显著正相关。有趣的是，我们样本中的抑郁与强迫观念无关。
