Feng Liping, Ouyang Fengxiu, Liu Liangpo, Wang Xu, Wang Xia, Li Yi-Ju, Murtha Amy, Shen Heqing, Zhang Junfeng, Zhang Jun Jim
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
J Environ Public Health. 2016;2016:9416054. doi: 10.1155/2016/9416054. Epub 2016 Dec 25.
Flame retardants are widely used in consumer products to reduce their flammability. Previously used flame retardants have been sequentially banned due to their environmental and human toxicity. Currently, tris(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) are among the most commonly used flame retardants. TDCIPP and TPHP are reproductive toxins and have carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and endocrine-disrupting properties. Although high levels of TDCIPP and TPHP have been found in drinking water, seawater, and office air in China, data regarding human exposure are lacking. In this study, we assessed the level of urinary TPHP and TDCIPP metabolites (DPHP and BDCIPP, resp.) in a cohort of pregnant women ( = 23) from Shanghai, China, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. DPHP were detected in 100% urine samples, while only four urine samples had detectable level of BDCIPP in this cohort (17% detected). Geometric means of DPHP and BDCIPP concentrations were 1.1 ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.6, 1.5 ng/mL) and 1.2 ng/mL (IQR: 0.6, 2.2 ng/mL), respectively. In this small cohort, urinary DPHP and BDCIPP levels were not significantly correlated with miscarriages, neonatal birthweight, gestational diabetes, or maternal age. These data suggest that exposure to TPHP is widespread, and they demonstrate the feasibility of using urinary biomarkers to measure exposures to modern flame-retardant chemicals.
阻燃剂被广泛应用于消费品中以降低其可燃性。先前使用的阻燃剂由于其对环境和人体的毒性已相继被禁用。目前，磷酸三（1,3 - 二氯丙基）酯（TDCIPP）和磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）是最常用的阻燃剂。TDCIPP和TPHP是生殖毒素，具有致癌、神经毒性和内分泌干扰特性。尽管在中国的饮用水、海水和办公空气中已检测到高浓度的TDCIPP和TPHP，但关于人体暴露的数据仍然缺乏。在本研究中，我们使用液相色谱 - 串联质谱法评估了来自中国上海的一组孕妇（n = 23）尿液中TPHP和TDCIPP代谢物（分别为DPHP和BDCIPP）的水平。在该队列中，100%的尿液样本检测到了DPHP，而只有4份尿液样本检测到了BDCIPP（检测率为17%）。DPHP和BDCIPP浓度的几何平均值分别为1.1 ng/mL（四分位间距[IQR]：0.6，1.5 ng/mL）和1.2 ng/mL（IQR：0.6，2.2 ng/mL）。在这个小队列中，尿液中DPHP和BDCIPP水平与流产、新生儿出生体重、妊娠期糖尿病或产妇年龄均无显著相关性。这些数据表明TPHP的暴露很普遍，并且证明了使用尿液生物标志物来测量现代阻燃化学品暴露的可行性。
