Henneman Elizabeth A, Marquard Jenna L, Fisher Donald L, Gawlinski Anna
From the College of Nursing (E.A.H.), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (J.L.M., D.L.F.), College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA; and UCLA School of Nursing (A.G.), Los Angeles, CA.
Simul Healthc. 2017 Feb;12(1):51-56. doi: 10.1097/SIH.0000000000000192.
Eye tracking, used to evaluate a clinician's eye movements, is an example of an existing technology being used in novel ways by patient safety researchers in the simulated setting. The use of eye-tracking technology has the potential to augment current teaching, evaluation, and research methods in simulated settings by using this quantitative, objective data to better understand why an individual performed as he or she did on a simulated or naturalistic task.
Selected literature was reviewed with the purpose of explicating how eye tracking can be used by researchers and educators to evaluate error-prone processes. The literature reviewed was obtained by querying the databases PubMed, CINHAL, and Google Scholar using the key words eye tracking, patient safety, and medical errors from 2005 through 2015.An introduction to the use of eye tracking, including both theoretical underpinnings and technological considerations, is presented. In addition, examples of how eye tracking has been used in research studies conducted in both simulated and naturalistic settings are provided.
The use of eye-tracking technology to capture the eye movements of novice and expert clinicians has provided new insight into behaviors associated with the identification of medical errors. The study of novices' and experts' eye movements provides data about clinician performance not possible with existing evaluation methods such as direct observation, verbal reports, and thinking out loud. The use of eye tracking to capture the behaviors of experts can lead to the development of training protocols to guide the education of students and novice practitioners. Eye-tracking technology clearly has the potential to transform the way clinical simulation is used to improve patient safety practices.
眼动追踪技术用于评估临床医生的眼部运动，它是患者安全研究人员在模拟环境中以新颖方式使用的现有技术的一个例子。通过利用这种定量的客观数据，更好地理解个体在模拟或自然任务中的表现原因，眼动追踪技术有潜力增强模拟环境中当前的教学、评估和研究方法。
回顾了选定的文献，目的是阐明研究人员和教育工作者如何使用眼动追踪来评估容易出错的过程。通过在2005年至2015年期间使用关键词“眼动追踪”“患者安全”和“医疗差错”查询数据库PubMed、CINHAL和谷歌学术搜索来获取所回顾的文献。介绍了眼动追踪的使用，包括理论基础和技术考量。此外，还提供了眼动追踪在模拟和自然环境中进行的研究中的使用示例。
使用眼动追踪技术来捕捉新手和专家临床医生的眼部运动，为与医疗差错识别相关的行为提供了新的见解。对新手和专家眼部运动的研究提供了现有评估方法（如直接观察、口头报告和出声思考）无法获得的有关临床医生表现的数据。使用眼动追踪来捕捉专家的行为可以促进培训方案的制定，以指导学生和新手从业者的教育。眼动追踪技术显然有潜力改变临床模拟用于改善患者安全实践的方式。
