RNA sequencing with radioactive chain-terminating ribonucleotides.

A rapid method for determining nucleotide sequences in RNA is described. It employs the 3'-deoxy analogues of the ribonucleoside triphosphates as specific chain terminators during RNA synthesis. For example, the inclusion of 3'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate in an RNA synthesis reaction in addition to the four usual ribonucleoside triphosphate precursors results in the synthesis of a set of different-length product strands that terminate in a 3'-deoxyuridine that has been incorporated in place of uridine. To sequence an RNA, four separate reactions are run, each employing a different 3'-deoxy terminator. Parallel electrophoretic analysis of the resulting four sets of specifically terminated product chains leads to a direct reading of the nucleotide sequence. We tested this method by sequencing MDV-1 (-) RNA, a molecule that is synthesized in vitro by phage Qbeta replicase. The sequence read from the resulting gels agreed completely with the known sequence of MDV-1 (-) RNA. The bands in some regions of the sequencing gels were unusually close to one another, as has also been observed in other rapid sequencing procedures, making order assignment in these regions very difficult. Because the secondary structure of MDV-1 (-) RNA was known, it was shown that the compression of the bands is due to the persistence of secondary structures during electrophoresis. Thus, structured regions of nucleic acids may introduce difficulties for sequencing techniques that employ the currently available methods of gel electrophoresis.