National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), PO Box 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
Environ Res. 2017 May;155:49-59. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.026. Epub 2017 Feb 9.
Contaminants and fatty acid levels in farmed- versus wild Atlantic salmon have been a hot topic of debate in terms of food safety. The present study determined dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), metals and fatty acids in wild and farmed Atlantic salmon. Contaminant levels of dioxins, PCBs, OCPs (DDT, dieldrin, lindane, chlordane, Mirex, and toxaphene), and mercury were higher in wild salmon than in farmed salmon, as were the concentrations of the essential elements selenium, copper, zinc and iron, and the marine omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). PBDE, endosulfan, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, cadmium and lead levels were low and comparable in both wild and farmed fish, and there was no significant difference in the marine omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration. The total fat content was significantly higher in farmed than wild salmon due to a higher content of both saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as a higher content of omega-6 fatty acids. The omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acid ratio was considerably lower in farmed than wild salmon due to the high level of omega-6 fatty acids. Contaminant concentrations in Atlantic salmon were well below maximum levels applicable in the European Union. Atlantic salmon, both farmed and wild, is a good source of EPA and DHA with a 200g portion per week contributing 3.2g or 2.8g respectively, being almost twice the intake considered adequate for adults by the European Food Safety Authority (i.e. 250mg/day or 1.75g/week).
养殖与野生大西洋三文鱼中的污染物和脂肪酸水平一直是食品安全方面的热门话题。本研究测定了野生和养殖大西洋三文鱼中的二恶英（多氯二苯并对二恶英和二苯并呋喃）、多氯联苯（PCBs）、多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）、有机氯农药（OCPs）、金属和脂肪酸。与养殖三文鱼相比，野生三文鱼中二恶英、多氯联苯、OCPs（滴滴涕、狄氏剂、林丹、氯丹、灭蚁灵和毒杀芬）和汞的含量更高，同时必需元素硒、铜、锌和铁以及海洋 omega-3 脂肪酸二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）的浓度也更高。PBDE、硫丹、五氯苯、六氯苯、镉和铅的浓度在野生和养殖鱼类中均较低且相当，而海洋 omega-3 脂肪酸二十碳五烯酸（EPA）的浓度也没有显著差异。由于养殖三文鱼中饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量较高，以及 omega-6 脂肪酸含量较高，养殖三文鱼的总脂肪含量显著高于野生三文鱼。由于 omega-6 脂肪酸含量较高，养殖三文鱼的 omega-3 与 omega-6 脂肪酸比例明显低于野生三文鱼。大西洋三文鱼中的污染物浓度远低于欧盟适用的最高限量。无论是养殖还是野生的大西洋三文鱼，都是 EPA 和 DHA 的良好来源，每周食用 200 克大西洋三文鱼可分别提供 3.2 克和 2.8 克 EPA 和 DHA，这几乎是欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）认为成年人摄入适量 EPA 和 DHA 的两倍（即 250mg/天或 1.75g/周）。
