Pounds Alexandra, Kaminski Alexander M, Budhathoki Mausam, Gudbrandsen Oddrun, Kok Björn, Horn Stephanie, Malcorps Wesley, Mamun Abdullah-Al, McGoohan Amy, Newton Richard, Ozretich Reed, Little David C
Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
Foods. 2022 May 13;11(10):1413. doi: 10.3390/foods11101413.
Aquatic animals are diverse in terms of species, but also in terms of production systems, the people involved, and the benefits achieved. In this concept piece, we draw on literature to outline how the diversity of aquatic animals, their production, and their consumption all influence their impact within the food system. Built on evidence from an array of reductionist and non-reductionist literature, we suggest that food systems researchers and policymakers adapt current methods and theoretical frameworks to appropriately contextualise aquatic animals in broader food systems. We do this through combining current understandings of food systems theory, value chain, livelihoods, nutritional outcomes, and planetary boundaries thinking. We make several claims around understanding the role of aquatic animals in terms of nutritional output and environmental impacts. We suggest a need to consider: (1) the diversity of species and production methods; (2) variable definitions of an "edible yield"; (3) circular economy principles and the impacts of co-products, and effects beyond nutrient provision; (4) role of aquatic animals in the overall diet; (5) contextual effects of preservation, preparation, cooking, and consumer choices; (6) globalised nature of aquatic animal trade across the value chain; and (7) that aquatic animals are produced from a continuum, rather than a dichotomy, of aquaculture or fisheries. We conclude by proposing a new framework that involves cohesive interdisciplinary discussions around aquatic animal foods and their role in the broader food system.
水生动物在物种方面多种多样，在生产系统、相关人员以及所带来的益处方面也各有不同。在这篇概念文章中，我们借鉴文献来概述水生动物的多样性、其生产方式以及消费方式如何在食物系统中影响其作用。基于一系列还原论和非还原论文献的证据，我们建议食物系统研究人员和政策制定者调整当前方法和理论框架，以便在更广泛的食物系统中恰当地将水生动物置于具体情境中。我们通过结合当前对食物系统理论、价值链、生计、营养成果以及地球边界思维的理解来做到这一点。我们围绕理解水生动物在营养产出和环境影响方面的作用提出了几点主张。我们建议需要考虑：（1）物种和生产方式的多样性；（2）“可食用产量”的不同定义；（3）循环经济原则以及副产品的影响，以及营养供应之外的影响；（4）水生动物在总体饮食中的作用；（5）保存、加工、烹饪和消费者选择的情境影响；（6）水生动物在整个价值链上贸易的全球化性质；以及（7）水生动物是由水产养殖或渔业的连续统一体而非二分法生产出来的。我们最后提出一个新框架，该框架涉及围绕水生动物食品及其在更广泛食物系统中的作用进行有凝聚力的跨学科讨论。
