避免“在西非及其他地区产生大规模附带效应”：烟草行业阻碍尼日利亚的烟草控制。
Avoiding "A Massive Spin-Off Effect in West Africa and Beyond": The Tobacco Industry Stymies Tobacco Control in Nigeria.
作者信息
Egbe Catherine O, Bialous Stella A, Glantz Stanton A
机构信息
Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
出版信息
Nicotine Tob Res. 2017 Jul 1;19(7):877-887. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntx037.
BACKGROUND
Nigeria plays important economic and political roles in Africa and is a significant market for the tobacco industry. This study describes the tobacco industry's efforts to block Nigeria's early tobacco control attempts, especially the Tobacco Smoking (Control) Decree 20 of 1990, and efforts to strengthen the Decree in 1995.
METHOD
Analysis of documents from the Truth Tobacco Documents Library and other Internet resources related to Nigeria's Decree 20 and earlier tobacco control efforts.
RESULTS
The World Conferences on Smoking and Health and World Health Organization in the late 1970s spurred the Nigerian government to take steps towards tobacco regulation. In response, the tobacco industry lobbied government ministries, used front groups and its trade group, the Tobacco Advisory Council of Nigeria, to block and weaken government efforts. The industry obtained a draft of Decree 20 two years before it was enacted, considered the Decree anti-business and proposed language that led to the passage of a weaker Decree in 1990. It also attempted to influence a potential review of the Decree in 1995.
CONCLUSION
Decree 20 was a strong law for its time, but was weakened due to tobacco industry interference. Nigeria ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2005, and enacted a comprehensive National Tobacco Control Act (NTCA) in May 2015. Lessons learned from Decree 20's experience should be applied to protect NTCA 2015, and in compliance with WHO FCTC Article 5.3 which require parties to protect tobacco control policies from tobacco industry interference.
IMPLICATIONS
This is the first detailed account of tobacco industry interference with tobacco legislation in Africa. The emergence of tobacco control in Nigeria threatened the tobacco industry, which believed that success in Nigeria would have a "domino effect" in Africa. The industry used lobbying and front groups to successfully block and weaken Nigeria's tobacco control, especially the Tobacco Smoking (Control) Decree 20 of 1990 and efforts to strengthen it in 1995. Nigeria and other African countries must learn from this history to protect tobacco control policies from the tobacco industry's vested interests and vigorously implement Article 5.3 of the WHO FCTC.
背景
尼日利亚在非洲扮演着重要的经济和政治角色，是烟草行业的一个重要市场。本研究描述了烟草行业为阻碍尼日利亚早期的烟草控制尝试所做的努力，尤其是1990年的《吸烟（控制）法令》20号，以及1995年加强该法令的努力。
方法
分析来自真相烟草文献库及其他与尼日利亚20号法令和早期烟草控制努力相关的互联网资源的文件。
结果
20世纪70年代末的世界吸烟与健康大会及世界卫生组织促使尼日利亚政府采取措施进行烟草监管。作为回应，烟草行业游说政府各部委，利用前沿组织及其贸易组织——尼日利亚烟草咨询委员会来阻碍和削弱政府的努力。该行业在20号法令颁布前两年就拿到了草案，认为该法令不利于商业，并提出了一些措辞，导致1990年通过了一项力度较弱的法令。它还试图影响1995年对该法令的潜在审查。
结论
20号法令在当时是一部强有力的法律，但由于烟草行业的干预而被削弱。尼日利亚于2005年批准了《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》（FCTC），并于2015年5月颁布了一项全面的《国家烟草控制法》（NTCA）。从20号法令的经历中吸取的教训应被应用于保护2015年的NTCA，并符合世界卫生组织FCTC第5.3条的要求，该条要求各缔约方保护烟草控制政策免受烟草行业的干扰。
启示
这是对非洲烟草行业干预烟草立法的首次详细描述。尼日利亚烟草控制的出现威胁到了烟草行业，该行业认为在尼日利亚取得成功将在非洲产生“多米诺效应”。该行业利用游说和前沿组织成功地阻碍和削弱了尼日利亚的烟草控制，尤其是1990年的《吸烟（控制）法令》20号以及1995年加强该法令的努力。尼日利亚和其他非洲国家必须从这段历史中吸取教训，保护烟草控制政策不受烟草行业既得利益的影响，并大力实施世界卫生组织FCTC第5.3条。
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