Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Mar 7;51(5):2738-2747. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05251. Epub 2017 Feb 24.
The photochemical transformation of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater effluents is an emerging concern for environmental scientists. In the current study, the photodegradation of 29 PPCPs was examined in effluents under simulated solar irradiation. Direct photodegradation, triplet state effluent organic matter (EfOM*)-mediated and hydroxyl radical (HO)-mediated degradation are three major pathways in the removal process. With the photodegradation of trace levels of PPCPs, the excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence intensities of the effluents were also gradually reduced. Therefore, fluorescence peaks have been identified, for the first time, as appropriate surrogates to assess the photodegradation of PPCPs. The humic-like fluorescence peak is linked to direct photolysis-labile PPCPs, such as naproxen, ronidazole, diclofenac, ornidazole, tinidazole, chloramphenicol, flumequine, ciprofloxacin, methadone, and dimetridazole. The tyrosine-like EEM peak is associated with HO/CO-labile PPCPs, such as trimethoprim, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, atenolol, carbamazepine, and cephalexin. The tryptophan-like peak is associated with EfOM*-labile PPCPs, such as clenbuterol, metoprolol, venlafaxine, bisphenol A, propranolol, ractopamine, salbutamol, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, famotidine, terbutaline, and erythromycin. The reduction in EEM fluorescence correlates well with the removal of PPCPs, allowing a model to be constructed. The solar-driven removal of EEM fluorescence was applied to predict the attenuation of 11 PPCPs in five field samples. A close correlation between the predicted results and the experimental results suggests that fluorescence may be a suitable surrogate for monitoring the solar-driven photodegradation of PPCPs in effluents.
药物和个人护理产品（PPCPs）在废水废水中的光化学转化是环境科学家关注的一个新兴问题。在当前的研究中，在模拟太阳辐射下研究了废水中 29 种 PPCPs 的光降解。直接光降解、三重态废水有机物（EfOM*）介导和羟基自由基（HO）介导的降解是去除过程中的三种主要途径。随着痕量 PPCPs 的光降解，废水的激发-发射矩阵（EEM）荧光强度也逐渐降低。因此，首次将荧光峰确定为评估 PPCPs 光降解的合适替代物。类腐殖质荧光峰与易直接光解的 PPCPs 有关，如萘普生、罗硝唑、双氯芬酸、奥硝唑、替硝唑、氯霉素、氟甲喹、环丙沙星、美沙酮和二甲硝唑。酪氨酸样 EEM 峰与 HO/CO 易断裂的 PPCPs 有关，如甲氧苄啶、布洛芬、吉非贝齐、阿替洛尔、卡马西平、头孢氨苄。色氨酸样峰与 EfOM*易断裂的 PPCPs 有关，如克伦特罗、美托洛尔、文拉法辛、双酚 A、普萘洛尔、莱克多巴胺、沙丁胺醇、罗红霉素、克拉霉素、阿奇霉素、法莫替丁、替普瑞酮和红霉素。EEM 荧光的减少与 PPCPs 的去除密切相关，允许构建一个模型。利用太阳驱动的 EEM 荧光去除来预测 5 个现场样本中 11 种 PPCPs 的衰减。预测结果与实验结果之间的密切相关性表明，荧光可能是监测废水中 PPCPs 太阳驱动光降解的合适替代物。
