Sayles Jesse S, Baggio Jacopo A
Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B9;
School of Geographic Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Mar 7;114(10):E1776-E1785. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1604405114. Epub 2017 Feb 21.
Resource management boundaries seldom align with environmental systems, which can lead to social and ecological problems. Mapping and analyzing how resource management organizations in different areas collaborate can provide vital information to help overcome such misalignment. Few quantitative approaches exist, however, to analyze social collaborations alongside environmental patterns, especially among local and regional organizations (i.e., in multilevel governance settings). This paper develops and applies such an approach using social-ecological network analysis (SENA), which considers relationships among and between social and ecological units. The framework and methods are shown using an estuary restoration case from Puget Sound, United States. Collaboration patterns and quality are analyzed among local and regional organizations working in hydrologically connected areas. These patterns are correlated with restoration practitioners' assessments of the productivity of their collaborations to inform network theories for natural resource governance. The SENA is also combined with existing ecological data to jointly consider social and ecological restoration concerns. Results show potentially problematic areas in nearshore environments, where collaboration networks measured by density (percentage of possible network connections) and productivity are weakest. Many areas also have high centralization (a few nodes hold the network together), making network cohesion dependent on key organizations. Although centralization and productivity are inversely related, no clear relationship between density and productivity is observed. This research can help practitioners to identify where governance capacity needs strengthening and jointly consider social and ecological concerns. It advances SENA by developing a multilevel approach to assess social-ecological (or social-environmental) misalignments, also known as scale mismatches.
资源管理边界很少与环境系统相契合，这可能导致社会和生态问题。绘制并分析不同地区的资源管理组织如何开展合作，可为克服这种不契合提供至关重要的信息。然而，很少有定量方法可用于分析社会合作与环境模式，尤其是在地方和区域组织之间（即在多层次治理环境中）。本文运用社会生态网络分析（SENA）开发并应用了这样一种方法，该方法考虑了社会和生态单元之间以及它们内部的关系。通过美国普吉特海湾的一个河口恢复案例展示了该框架和方法。分析了在水文相连地区开展工作的地方和区域组织之间的合作模式及质量。这些模式与恢复从业者对其合作生产力的评估相关联，以为自然资源治理的网络理论提供参考。社会生态网络分析还与现有的生态数据相结合，共同考虑社会和生态恢复问题。结果显示近岸环境中存在潜在问题区域，在这些区域，以密度（可能的网络连接百分比）衡量的合作网络和生产力最为薄弱。许多区域还具有高度集中化（少数节点维系着网络），使得网络凝聚力依赖于关键组织。尽管集中化与生产力呈负相关，但未观察到密度与生产力之间存在明显关系。这项研究可帮助从业者确定治理能力需要加强的地方，并共同考虑社会和生态问题。它通过开发一种多层次方法来评估社会生态（或社会环境）不契合（也称为尺度不匹配），推动了社会生态网络分析的发展。
