Ramesh Kulasekaran, Matloob Amar, Aslam Farhena, Florentine Singarayer K, Chauhan Bhagirath S
Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Institute of Soil Science Bhopal, India.
Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of AgricultureMultan, Pakistan; The Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, ToowoombaQLD, Australia.
Front Plant Sci. 2017 Feb 13;8:95. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00095. eCollection 2017.
Whilst it is agreed that climate change will impact on the long-term interactions between crops and weeds, the results of this impact are far from clear. We suggest that a thorough understanding of weed dominance and weed interactions, depending on crop and weed ecosystems and crop sequences in the ecosystem, will be the key determining factor for successful weed management. Indeed, we claim that recent changes observed throughout the world within the weed spectrum in different cropping systems which were ostensibly related to climate change, warrant a deeper examination of weed vulnerabilities before a full understanding is reached. For example, the uncontrolled establishment of weeds in crops leads to a mixed population, in terms of C and C pathways, and this poses a considerable level of complexity for weed management. There is a need to include all possible combinations of crops and weeds while studying the impact of climate change on crop-weed competitive interactions, since, from a weed management perspective, C weeds would flourish in the increased temperature scenario and pose serious yield penalties. This is particularly alarming as a majority of the most competitive weeds are C plants. Although CO is considered as a main contributing factor for climate change, a few Australian studies have also predicted differing responses of weed species due to shifts in rainfall patterns. Reduced water availability, due to recurrent and unforeseen droughts, would alter the competitive balance between crops and some weed species, intensifying the crop-weed competition pressure. Although it is recognized that the weed pressure associated with climate change is a significant threat to crop production, either through increased temperatures, rainfall shift, and elevated CO levels, the current knowledge of this effect is very sparse. A few models that have attempted to predict these interactions are discussed in this paper, since these models could play an integral role in developing future management programs for future weed threats. This review has presented a comprehensive discussion of the recent research in this area, and has identified key deficiencies which need further research in crop-weed eco-systems to formulate suitable control measures before the real impacts of climate change set in.
虽然人们一致认为气候变化将影响作物与杂草之间的长期相互作用，但这种影响的结果却远不清楚。我们认为，全面了解杂草优势和杂草相互作用（这取决于作物和杂草生态系统以及生态系统中的作物轮作顺序）将是成功进行杂草管理的关键决定因素。事实上，我们声称，世界各地不同种植系统中杂草谱最近出现的明显与气候变化相关的变化，在完全理解之前，有必要对杂草的脆弱性进行更深入的研究。例如，杂草在作物中不受控制地生长会导致种群混杂，从碳（C）途径来看，这给杂草管理带来了相当大的复杂性。在研究气候变化对作物 - 杂草竞争相互作用的影响时，需要考虑作物和杂草的所有可能组合，因为从杂草管理的角度来看，C4杂草在温度升高的情况下会大量繁殖并对产量造成严重损失。这尤其令人担忧，因为大多数最具竞争力的杂草都是C4植物。虽然二氧化碳（CO₂）被认为是气候变化的主要促成因素，但一些澳大利亚的研究也预测了由于降雨模式的变化，杂草物种会有不同的反应。由于反复出现且不可预见的干旱导致可用水量减少，将改变作物与一些杂草物种之间的竞争平衡，加剧作物 - 杂草的竞争压力。虽然人们认识到与气候变化相关的杂草压力是作物生产的重大威胁，无论是通过温度升高、降雨变化还是二氧化碳水平升高，但目前对这种影响的了解非常稀少。本文讨论了一些试图预测这些相互作用的模型，因为这些模型在制定应对未来杂草威胁的管理计划中可能发挥不可或缺的作用。本综述全面讨论了该领域的最新研究，并确定了关键缺陷，在气候变化的实际影响显现之前，需要在作物 - 杂草生态系统中进行进一步研究以制定合适的控制措施。
