Stanghellini Giovanni, Ballerini Massimo, Mancini Milena
Department of Psychological, Humanistic, and Territorial Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy.
Psychopathology. 2017;50(1):75-82. doi: 10.1159/000456037. Epub 2017 Mar 9.
In this paper, we discuss the philosophical and psychopathological background of Domain 3, Other persons, of the Examination of Anomalous World Experiences (EAWE). The EAWE interview aims to describe the manifold phenomena of the schizophrenic lifeworld in all of their concrete and distinctive features, thus complementing a more abstract, symptom-focused approach. Domain 3, Other persons, focuses specifically on subjectively experienced interpersonal disturbances that may be especially common in schizophrenia. The aim of this domain, as with the rest of the EAWE, is to provide clinicians and researchers with a systematic orientation toward, or knowledge of, patients' experiences, so that the experiential universe of schizophrenia can be clarified in terms of the particular feel, meaning, and value it has for the patient. To help provide a context for EAWE Domain 3, Other persons, we propose a definition of "intersubjectivity" (IS) and "dissociality." The former is the ability to understand other persons, that is, the basis of our capacity to experience people and social situations as meaningful. IS relies both on perceptive- intuitive as well as cognitive-computational resources. Dissociality addresses the core psychopathological nucleus characterizing the quality of abnormal IS in persons with schizophrenia and covers several dimensions, including disturbances of both perceptive-intuitive and cognitive-computational capacities. The most typical perceptive-intuitive abnormality is hypoattunement, that is, the lack of interpersonal resonance and difficulties in grasping or immediately understanding others' mental states. The most characteristic cognitive-computational anomaly is social hyperreflexivity, especially an algorithmic conception of sociality (an observational/ethological attitude aimed to develop an explicit, often rule-based personal method for participating in social transactions). Other anomalous interpersonal experiences, such as emotional and behavioral responses to others, are also discussed in relation to this core of dissociality.
在本文中，我们探讨了异常世界体验检查（EAWE）中第三领域“他人”的哲学和精神病理学背景。EAWE访谈旨在描述精神分裂症生活世界的多种现象及其所有具体和独特的特征，从而补充一种更抽象的、以症状为重点的方法。第三领域“他人”特别关注主观体验到的人际干扰，这种干扰在精神分裂症中可能尤为常见。与EAWE的其他部分一样，该领域的目的是为临床医生和研究人员提供对患者体验的系统导向或相关知识，以便根据精神分裂症对患者所具有的特定感受、意义和价值来阐明其体验世界。为了帮助为EAWE第三领域“他人”提供背景，我们提出了“主体间性”（IS）和“社交障碍”的定义。前者是理解他人的能力，即我们将人和社会情境体验为有意义的能力的基础。主体间性既依赖于感知直觉资源，也依赖于认知计算资源。社交障碍涉及精神分裂症患者异常主体间性质量的核心精神病理核心，并涵盖多个维度，包括感知直觉能力和认知计算能力的干扰。最典型的感知直觉异常是低协调，即缺乏人际共鸣以及难以把握或立即理解他人的心理状态。最具特征性的认知计算异常是社交过度反射，尤其是社交的算法概念（一种观察性/行为学态度，旨在开发一种明确的、通常基于规则的个人参与社会交往的方法）。其他异常人际体验世界的其他异常人际体验，例如对他人的情感和行为反应，也与这种社交障碍的核心相关进行了讨论。
