Maunula Leena, Rönnqvist M, Åberg R, Lunden J, Nevas M
The Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöberginkatu 2, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Risk Assessment Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
Food Environ Virol. 2017 Sep;9(3):334-341. doi: 10.1007/s12560-017-9291-7. Epub 2017 Mar 15.
Norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis outbreaks appear frequently in food service operations (FSOs), such as in restaurants and canteens. In this study the presence of NoV and adenovirus (AdV) genomes was investigated on the surfaces of premises, especially in kitchens, of 30 FSOs where foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks were suspected. The objective was to establish a possible association between the presence of virus genomes on surfaces and a visual hygienic status of the FSOs. NoV genome was found in 11 and AdV genome in 8 out of 30 FSOs. In total, 291 swabs were taken, of which 8.9% contained NoV and 5.8% AdV genome. The presence of NoV genomes on the surfaces was not found to associate with lower hygiene level of the premises when based on visual inspection; most (7/9) of the FSOs with NoV contamination on surfaces and a completed evaluation form had a good hygiene level (the best category). Restaurants had a significantly lower proportion of NoV-positive swabs compared to other FSOs (canteens, cafeteria, schools etc.) taken together (p = 0.00014). The presence of a designated break room for the workers was found to be significantly more common in AdV-negative kitchens (p = 0.046). Our findings suggest that swabbing is necessary for revealing viral contamination of surfaces and emphasis of hygiene inspections should be on the food handling procedures, and the education of food workers on virus transmission.
诺如病毒（NoV）引起的肠胃炎疫情在餐饮服务场所（FSO）中频繁出现，如餐厅和食堂。在本研究中，对30家疑似发生食源性肠胃炎疫情的餐饮服务场所的场所表面，尤其是厨房表面，进行了诺如病毒和腺病毒（AdV）基因组的检测。目的是确定表面病毒基因组的存在与餐饮服务场所的视觉卫生状况之间是否存在可能的关联。在30家餐饮服务场所中，11家检测到诺如病毒基因组，8家检测到腺病毒基因组。总共采集了291份拭子，其中8.9%含有诺如病毒基因组，5.8%含有腺病毒基因组。基于视觉检查，未发现表面诺如病毒基因组的存在与场所卫生水平较低有关；表面受到诺如病毒污染且填写了完整评估表的大多数（7/9）餐饮服务场所卫生水平良好（最佳类别）。与其他餐饮服务场所（食堂、自助餐厅、学校等）相比，餐厅诺如病毒阳性拭子的比例显著较低（p = 0.00014）。发现在腺病毒阴性的厨房中，为员工设置指定休息室的情况明显更为常见（p = 0.046）。我们的研究结果表明，擦拭对于揭示表面病毒污染是必要的，卫生检查应重点关注食品处理程序以及对食品从业人员进行病毒传播方面的教育。
