Timpane-Padgham Britta L, Beechie Tim, Klinger Terrie
School for Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
Ocean Associates Inc., under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Services, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2017 Mar 16;12(3):e0173812. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173812. eCollection 2017.
Ecological restoration is widely practiced as a means of rehabilitating ecosystems and habitats that have been degraded or impaired through human use or other causes. Restoration practices now are confronted by climate change, which has the potential to influence long-term restoration outcomes. Concepts and attributes from the resilience literature can help improve restoration and monitoring efforts under changing climate conditions. We systematically examined the published literature on ecological resilience to identify biological, chemical, and physical attributes that confer resilience to climate change. We identified 45 attributes explicitly related to climate change and classified them as individual- (9), population- (6), community- (7), ecosystem- (7), or process-level attributes (16). Individual studies defined resilience as resistance to change or recovery from disturbance, and only a few studies explicitly included both concepts in their definition of resilience. We found that individual and population attributes generally are suited to species- or habitat-specific restoration actions and applicable at the population scale. Community attributes are better suited to habitat-specific restoration at the site scale, or system-wide restoration at the ecosystem scale. Ecosystem and process attributes vary considerably in their type and applicability. We summarize these relationships in a decision support table and provide three example applications to illustrate how these classifications can be used to prioritize climate change resilience attributes for specific restoration actions. We suggest that (1) including resilience as an explicit planning objective could increase the success of restoration projects, (2) considering the ecological context and focal scale of a restoration action is essential in choosing appropriate resilience attributes, and (3) certain ecological attributes, such as diversity and connectivity, are more commonly considered to confer resilience because they apply to a wide variety of species and ecosystems. We propose that identifying sources of ecological resilience is a critical step in restoring ecosystems in a changing climate.
生态恢复作为一种修复因人类活动或其他原因而退化或受损的生态系统和栖息地的手段，已得到广泛应用。如今，恢复实践面临着气候变化的挑战，气候变化有可能影响长期恢复成果。复原力文献中的概念和属性有助于改善在不断变化的气候条件下的恢复和监测工作。我们系统地研究了已发表的关于生态复原力的文献，以确定赋予气候变化复原力的生物、化学和物理属性。我们确定了45个与气候变化明确相关的属性，并将它们分为个体层面（9个）、种群层面（6个）、群落层面（7个）、生态系统层面（7个）或过程层面属性（16个）。个别研究将复原力定义为对变化的抵抗力或从干扰中恢复的能力，只有少数研究在其复原力定义中明确包含了这两个概念。我们发现，个体和种群属性通常适用于特定物种或栖息地的恢复行动，并适用于种群规模。群落属性更适合于场地尺度上特定栖息地的恢复，或生态系统尺度上全系统的恢复。生态系统和过程属性在类型和适用性上有很大差异。我们在一个决策支持表中总结了这些关系，并提供了三个示例应用，以说明如何利用这些分类为特定的恢复行动确定气候变化复原力属性的优先级。我们建议：（1）将复原力作为一个明确的规划目标可以提高恢复项目的成功率；（2）在选择适当的复原力属性时，考虑恢复行动的生态背景和重点尺度至关重要；（3）某些生态属性，如多样性和连通性，更常被认为能赋予复原力，因为它们适用于多种物种和生态系统。我们提出，识别生态复原力的来源是在不断变化的气候中恢复生态系统的关键一步。
