South Australian Research and Development Institute, G.P.O Box 397, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
Food Microbiol. 2017 Aug;65:284-293. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.003. Epub 2017 Mar 6.
Human enteric viruses, such as norovirus and hepatitis A virus, are spread by a variety of routes including faecal-oral transmission. Contaminated bivalve shellfish are regularly implicated in foodborne viral disease outbreaks internationally. Traditionally indicator bacteria, the coliforms and Escherichia coli, have been used to detect faecal pollution in growing waters and shellfish. However, studies have established that they are inadequate as indicators of the risk of human enteric viruses. Bacteriophages have been identified as potential indicators or surrogates for human enteric viruses due to their similarities in morphology, behaviour in water environments and resistance to disinfectant treatments. The somatic coliphages, male-specific RNA coliphages (FRNA coliphages) and the bacteriophages of Bacteroides are the groups recognised as most suitable for water and shellfish testing. In this review, we discuss the rationale and supporting evidence for the application of bacteriophages as surrogates for human enteric viruses in shellfish under a variety of conditions. There is some evidence to support the validity of using bacteriophage levels to indicate viral risk in shellfish in highly contaminated sites and following adverse sewage events.
人类肠道病毒，如诺如病毒和甲型肝炎病毒，通过多种途径传播，包括粪-口传播。受污染的双壳贝类经常与国际上的食源性病毒病爆发有关。传统上，指示细菌，如大肠菌群和大肠杆菌，被用于检测生长水域和贝类中的粪便污染。然而，研究已经证实，它们作为人类肠道病毒风险的指示物是不够的。噬菌体已被确定为人类肠道病毒的潜在指示物或替代物，因为它们在形态、在水环境中的行为以及对消毒剂处理的抗性方面具有相似性。肠道噬菌体、雄性特异性 RNA 噬菌体（FRNA 噬菌体）和拟杆菌噬菌体是被认为最适合用于水和贝类检测的群体。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了在各种条件下将噬菌体作为贝类中人类肠道病毒替代物的应用的基本原理和支持证据。有一些证据支持使用噬菌体水平来指示高污染场所和污水事件后贝类中的病毒风险的有效性。
