a Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology , University of Pennsylvania.
b Departments of Criminal Justice and Criminology , Georgia State University.
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018 Jan-Feb;47(1):24-37. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1295383. Epub 2017 Mar 20.
Although the assessment of empathy has moved from general empathy to differentiating between cognitive and affective empathy, no instruments have assessed somatic (motor) empathy, and none have separated positive from negative affect empathy. The main objective of this study was to develop a 30-item self-report cognitive, affective, and somatic empathy scale (CASES) with positive and negative affect components for use with children and adolescents. A community sample of 428 male and female 11-year-olds completed the CASES together with validity questionnaires and were assessed on IQ. Caregivers reported on callous-unemotional traits, behavior problems, social adversity, and paternal criminality. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a 3-factor cognitive-affective-somatic structure of CASES and support for a broader 6-factor model of empathy. Configural and metric factor invariance across genders was established. Good internal consistency was obtained for the main scales. Criterion validity was established by lower empathy in callous-unemotional children. Incremental and predictive validity was documented by empathy at baseline predicting 12 months later to callous-unemotional traits after controlling for baseline callous-unemotional traits. Discriminant validity was documented by empathy being unrelated to internalizing behavior problems and differentially related to proactive and reactive forms of aggression. Construct validity was documented by lower empathy being associated with lower IQ, being male, more externalizing behavior problems, and criminality in the biological parent. Results provide initial support for a brief but multidimensional empathy scale with good sampling and face validity that can be used with children and adolescents.
虽然同理心的评估已经从一般同理心发展到区分认知同理心和情感同理心，但还没有评估躯体（运动）同理心的工具，也没有将积极同理心和消极同理心区分开来的工具。本研究的主要目的是开发一个包含积极和消极影响成分的 30 项自我报告认知、情感和躯体同理心量表（CASES），适用于儿童和青少年。一个由 428 名 11 岁的男性和女性组成的社区样本完成了 CASES 以及有效性问卷，并接受了智商评估。照顾者报告了冷酷无情的特征、行为问题、社会逆境和父亲的犯罪行为。验证性因素分析为 CASES 的 3 因素认知-情感-躯体结构和更广泛的 6 因素同理心模型提供了支持。建立了性别之间的组态和度量因子不变性。主要量表的内部一致性良好。通过冷酷无情的孩子同理心较低，确立了效标效度。通过同理心在基线预测 12 个月后冷酷无情特征，在控制基线冷酷无情特征后，建立了增量和预测有效性。通过同理心与内化行为问题无关，而与亲社会和反社会形式的攻击性有不同的关系，建立了判别有效性。通过同理心与较低的智商、男性、更多的外化行为问题和生物父母的犯罪行为相关，证明了结构有效性。结果为具有良好抽样和表面有效性的简短但多维同理心量表提供了初步支持，该量表可用于儿童和青少年。
