Ballester Lance S, Auchincloss Amy H, Robinson Lucy F, Mayne Stephanie L
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017 Mar 20;14(3):318. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14030318.
In the USA, little is known about local variation in retail cigarette prices; price variation explained by taxes, bans, and area-level socio-demographics, and whether taxes and hospitality bans have synergistic effects on smoking prevalence. Cigarette prices 2001-2011 from chain supermarkets and drug stores ( = 2973) were linked to state taxes ( = 41), state and county bar/restaurant smoking bans, and census block group socio-demographics. Hierarchical models explored effects of taxes and bans on retail cigarette prices as well as county smoking prevalence (daily, non-daily). There was wide variation in store-level cigarette prices in part due to differences in state excise taxes. Excise taxes were only partially passed onto consumers (after adjustment, $1 tax associated with $0.90 increase in price, < 0.0001) and the pass-through was slightly higher in areas that had bans but did not differ by area-level socio-demographics. Bans were associated with a slight increase in cigarette price (after adjustment, $0.09 per-pack, < 0.0001). Taxes and bans were associated with reduction in smoking prevalence and taxes had a stronger association when combined with bans, suggesting a synergistic effect. Given wide variation in store-level prices, and uneven state/county implementation of taxes and bans, more federal policies should be considered.
在美国，人们对零售香烟价格的地区差异知之甚少；税收、禁令以及地区层面的社会人口统计学因素对价格差异的解释，以及税收和酒店业禁令对吸烟率是否具有协同效应。2001年至2011年连锁超市和药店（=2973家）的香烟价格与州税（=41种）、州和县级酒吧/餐厅吸烟禁令以及人口普查街区组社会人口统计学因素相关联。分层模型探讨了税收和禁令对零售香烟价格以及县吸烟率（每日吸烟、非每日吸烟）的影响。商店层面的香烟价格存在很大差异，部分原因是州消费税不同。消费税仅部分转嫁给消费者（调整后，1美元税收与价格上涨0.90美元相关联，<0.0001），并且在有禁令但地区层面社会人口统计学因素无差异的地区，这种转嫁略高。禁令与香烟价格略有上涨相关（调整后，每包0.09美元，<0.0001）。税收和禁令与吸烟率降低相关，并且税收与禁令结合时关联更强，表明存在协同效应。鉴于商店层面价格差异很大，以及州/县税收和禁令实施不均衡，应考虑更多联邦政策。
