Afonso José, Nikolaidis Pantelis T, Sousa Patrícia, Mesquita Isabel
Centre for Research, Formation, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport. Faculty of Sport - University of Porto , Portugal.
Department of Physical and Cultural Education - Hellenic Army Academy , Athens, Greece.
J Sports Sci Med. 2017 Mar 1;16(1):27-34. eCollection 2017 Mar.
Periodization is a core concept in training. Recently, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have attempted to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, but theoretical criticisms have arisen with regard to how such research has been conducted. The purpose of the study was to review comprehensively the conceptual and methodological issues surrounding empirical research on periodization in training with human subjects. A search was conducted late in February 2016 on Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Plus, MedicLatina, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Forty-two randomized or randomized controlled trials were retrieved. Problems emerged in three domains: (a) Conceptually, periodization and variation were applied differently in research, while no empirical research tested predictions concerning direction, timing or magnitude of the adaptations; (b) Study design: More than 95% of papers investigated the 'physical' factor (mainly strength). Research on long-term effects was absent (no study lasted more than nine months). Controlling for confounding factors such as nutrition, supplementation and medication was largely ignored; (c) Data analysis was biased as dispersion in responsiveness was ignored when discussing the findings. Overall, research on periodization fails to analyze the conceptual premises proposed by these approaches.
周期化是训练中的一个核心概念。最近，系统评价和荟萃分析试图对该主题进行全面概述，但对于此类研究的开展方式出现了理论批评。本研究的目的是全面回顾围绕人体训练周期化实证研究的概念和方法问题。2016年2月下旬在《学术搜索完整版》《护理学与健康领域数据库》《拉丁医学数据库》《医学索引》《心理学文摘数据库》《医学期刊数据库》《科学电子在线图书馆》《Scopus数据库》《体育文献数据库》和《科学引文索引》上进行了检索。检索到42项随机或随机对照试验。在三个领域出现了问题：(a) 在概念上，周期化和变化在研究中的应用方式不同，而没有实证研究检验关于适应方向、时间或程度的预测；(b) 研究设计：超过95%的论文研究了“身体”因素（主要是力量）。缺乏对长期影响的研究（没有一项研究持续超过九个月）。在很大程度上忽略了对营养、补充剂和药物等混杂因素的控制；(c) 在讨论研究结果时，由于忽略了反应性的离散度，数据分析存在偏差。总体而言，关于周期化的研究未能分析这些方法所提出的概念前提。
