Shen Ting-Chin David
Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2017;88:117-126. doi: 10.1159/000455220. Epub 2017 Mar 27.
Gut microbiota plays an important role in host health maintenance and disease pathogenesis. The development of a stable and diverse gut microbiota is essential to various host physiologic functions such as immunoregulation, pathogen prevention, energy harvest, and metabolism. At the same time, a dysbiotic gut microbiota associated with disease is altered in structure and function, and often characterized by a decrease in species richness and proliferation of pathogenic bacterial taxa. As a shared substrate between the host and the gut microbiota, diet significantly impacts the health and disease states of the host both directly and through gut microbial metabolite production. This is demonstrated in the examples of short-chain fatty acid and trimethylamine production via bacterial metabolism of dietary complex carbohydrates and choline, respectively. In disorders related to mucosal immune dysregulation such as inflammatory bowel disease, the dysbiotic gut microbiota and diet contribute to its pathogenesis. Reversal of dysbiosis through fecal microbiota transplantation and dietary interventions may thus represent important strategies to modify the gut microbiota and its metabolite production for health maintenance as well as disease prevention and management.
肠道微生物群在宿主健康维持和疾病发病机制中发挥着重要作用。稳定且多样的肠道微生物群的发育对于各种宿主生理功能至关重要，如免疫调节、病原体预防、能量获取和代谢。同时，与疾病相关的失调肠道微生物群在结构和功能上发生改变，其特征通常是物种丰富度降低和致病细菌类群增殖。作为宿主和肠道微生物群之间的共享底物，饮食通过直接作用以及肠道微生物代谢产物的产生，对宿主的健康和疾病状态产生显著影响。这分别通过膳食复合碳水化合物和胆碱的细菌代谢产生短链脂肪酸和三甲胺的例子得到证明。在与黏膜免疫失调相关的疾病如炎症性肠病中，失调的肠道微生物群和饮食促成了其发病机制。因此，通过粪便微生物群移植和饮食干预来逆转失调可能代表着重要策略，以改变肠道微生物群及其代谢产物的产生，从而维持健康以及预防和管理疾病。
