Nori Raffaella, Gambetti Elisa, Marinello Fabio, Canestrari Stefano, Giusberti Fiorella
Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Legal Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Cogn Process. 2017 Nov;18(4):387-397. doi: 10.1007/s10339-017-0802-0. Epub 2017 Mar 29.
The present study contributes to the discussion on the different components which constitute the intentionality concept about an undesired side effect, focusing on the morality and the skill. Two hundred and forty participants were asked to read a brief story about a car accident, in which it was explained the motivation of the high speed and objective and subjective skill of the agent to drive the car, and to fill in six questions about intentionality, objective risk, mental representation of risk, risk acceptance and blameworthiness for the outcome. The principal results showed that when the motivation is morally negative, people judge the side effect more intentional, also because they make more severe judgments about risk and blameworthiness. Moreover, when people are objectively proficient to perform the action (objective skill) the side effect is considered less risky and intentional and, in the case of a negative outcome, they are judged less severely than if they have a poor ability. Finally, a self-assessment of low skill to make the action (subjective skill) leads people to assess higher risks and, consequently, more intentionality for the side effect. The results are discussed on the basis of the literature about some specific components that make up the intentionality concept.
本研究有助于探讨构成关于不良副作用的意向性概念的不同组成部分，重点关注道德和技能。240名参与者被要求阅读一篇关于车祸的简短故事，其中解释了高速行驶的动机以及驾驶员驾驶汽车的客观和主观技能，并填写六个关于意向性、客观风险、风险的心理表征、风险接受度以及对结果的可责性的问题。主要结果表明，当动机在道德上为负面时，人们会认为副作用更具意向性，这也是因为他们对风险和可责性的判断更为严厉。此外，当人们客观上擅长执行该行为（客观技能）时，副作用被认为风险和意向性较低，并且在出现负面结果的情况下，与能力较差时相比，他们受到的评判没那么严厉。最后，对执行该行为的低技能自我评估（主观技能）会导致人们评估出更高的风险，从而认为副作用更具意向性。研究结果将根据关于构成意向性概念的一些特定组成部分的文献进行讨论。
