Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR 8197, INSERM U1024, École Normale Supérieure, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, F-75005 Paris, France.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Apr 18;114(16):4183-4188. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1606868114. Epub 2017 Apr 3.
How ecological and morphological diversity accumulates over geological time is much debated. Adaptive radiation theory has been successful in testing the effects of biotic interactions on the rapid divergence of phenotypes within a clade, but this theory ignores abiotic effects. The role of abiotic drivers on the tempo of phenotypic evolution has been tested only in a few lineages or small clades from the fossil record. Here, we develop a phylogenetic comparative framework for testing if and how clade-wide rates of phenotypic evolution vary with abiotic drivers. We apply this approach to comprehensive bird and mammal phylogenies, body size data for 9,465 extant species, and global average temperature trends over the Cenozoic. Across birds and mammals, we find that the rate of body size evolution is primarily driven by past climate. Unexpectedly, evolutionary rates are inferred to be higher during periods of cold rather than warm climates in most groups, suggesting that temperature influences evolutionary rates by modifying selective pressures rather than through its effect on energy availability and metabolism. The effect of climate on the rate of body size evolution seems to be a general feature of endotherm evolution, regardless of wide differences in species' ecology and evolutionary history. These results suggest that climatic changes played a major role in shaping species' evolution in the past and could also play a major role in shaping their evolution in the future.
生态和形态多样性如何在地质时间上积累一直存在争议。适应辐射理论在检验生物相互作用对一个进化枝内表型快速分歧的影响方面取得了成功，但该理论忽略了非生物因素的影响。非生物驱动因素对表型进化速度的影响仅在少数几个化石记录中的谱系或小进化枝中进行了测试。在这里，我们开发了一个系统发育比较框架，以检验表型进化的全进化枝速率是否以及如何随非生物驱动因素而变化。我们将这种方法应用于全面的鸟类和哺乳动物系统发育、9465 种现存物种的体型数据以及新生代的全球平均温度趋势。在鸟类和哺乳动物中，我们发现体型进化的速度主要受过去气候的驱动。出乎意料的是，在大多数群体中，进化速度在寒冷时期而不是温暖时期更高，这表明气候通过改变选择压力而不是通过其对能量供应和新陈代谢的影响来影响进化速度。气候对体型进化速度的影响似乎是恒温动物进化的一个普遍特征，而不管物种的生态和进化历史存在广泛差异。这些结果表明，气候变化在过去塑造了物种的进化，在未来也可能在塑造它们的进化中发挥主要作用。
