Detandt Sandrine, Bazan Ariane, Quertemont Etienne, Verbanck Paul
1 Service de Psychologie Clinique et Différentielle, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
2 Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive et Comportementale, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.
J Psychopharmacol. 2017 Jul;31(7):819-829. doi: 10.1177/0269881117699606. Epub 2017 Apr 25.
The dual process theory is central to several models of addiction, implying both an increase of stimulus salience and deficits in inhibitory control. Our major aim is to provide behavioral evidence for an approach bias tendency in smokers and more specifically during smoking cue exposure. The second aim is to examine whether this bias differs in low-dependent versus dependent smokers. Thirty-two smokers (17 low dependent and 15 dependent; cut-off FTND of 4) and 28 non-smokers performed a modified Go/NoGo task using tobacco-related words and neutral words as stimuli. Smokers generally made more mistakes and tended to be faster for smoking-related cues specifically. Low dependents acknowledged more their dependency in declarative questionnaires while making more errors and being slower specifically on smoking cues; dependent smokers were less prone to indicate their addiction, but were faster and accurate when it came to picking the smoking cues. These results suggest that a shift has operated from a mental preoccupation with smoking in the low-dependent group, to smoking as a motor habit in our dependent group. This finding invites experts to rethink smoking addiction in the light of this crucial moment, namely, the shift "from head to hands".
双过程理论是几种成瘾模型的核心，意味着刺激显著性增加和抑制控制缺陷。我们的主要目的是为吸烟者，尤其是在吸烟线索暴露期间的趋近偏向倾向提供行为证据。第二个目的是研究这种偏向在低依赖吸烟者和依赖吸烟者中是否存在差异。32名吸烟者（17名低依赖者和15名依赖者；FTND临界值为4）和28名非吸烟者使用与烟草相关的词汇和中性词汇作为刺激，进行了一项改良的Go/NoGo任务。吸烟者总体上犯的错误更多，并且尤其在与吸烟相关的线索上往往反应更快。低依赖者在陈述性问卷中更承认自己的依赖性，同时犯的错误更多，在吸烟线索上反应更慢；依赖吸烟者不太倾向于表明自己的成瘾情况，但在识别吸烟线索时反应更快且更准确。这些结果表明，已经发生了一种转变，从低依赖组中对吸烟的心理专注，转变为依赖组中作为一种运动习惯的吸烟行为。这一发现促使专家们根据这一关键时刻，即“从头脑到双手”的转变，重新思考吸烟成瘾问题。
