Wood Megan B, Zuo Jian
Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA.
Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Apr 12;11:106. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00106. eCollection 2017.
Cells of the immune system have been shown to infiltrate the cochlea after acoustic trauma or ototoxic drug treatment; however, the contribution of the immune system to hair cell loss in the inner ear is incompletely understood. Most studies have concentrated on the immediate innate response to hair cell damage using CD45 as a broad marker for all immune cells. More recent studies have used RNA sequencing, GeneChip arrays and quantitative PCR to analyze gene expression in the entire cochlea after auditory trauma, leading to a better understanding of the chemokines and cytokines that attract immune cells to the cochlea. Immune suppression by blocking cytokines or immune receptors has been proven to suppress hair cell damage. However, it is now understood that not all immune cells are detrimental to the cochlea. CX3CR1+ resident macrophages protect hair cells from damage mediated by infiltrating immune cells. Systemically, the immune response is associated with both protection and pathology, and it has been implicated in the regeneration of certain tissues after injury. This review focuses on the studies of immune cells in various models of hearing loss and highlights the steps that can be taken to elucidate the connection between the immune response and hearing loss. The interplay between the immune system and tissues that were previously thought to be immune privileged, such as the cochlea, is an emerging research field, to which additional studies of the immune component of the cochlear response to injury will make an important contribution.
免疫系统的细胞已被证明在声学创伤或耳毒性药物治疗后会浸润耳蜗；然而，免疫系统对内耳毛细胞损失的作用尚未完全了解。大多数研究集中在使用CD45作为所有免疫细胞的广泛标志物对毛细胞损伤的即时先天反应。最近的研究使用RNA测序、基因芯片阵列和定量PCR来分析听觉创伤后整个耳蜗中的基因表达，从而更好地了解吸引免疫细胞到耳蜗的趋化因子和细胞因子。通过阻断细胞因子或免疫受体进行免疫抑制已被证明可以抑制毛细胞损伤。然而，现在人们认识到并非所有免疫细胞都对耳蜗有害。CX3CR1+常驻巨噬细胞可保护毛细胞免受浸润免疫细胞介导的损伤。在全身，免疫反应与保护和病理都有关，并且它与损伤后某些组织的再生有关。这篇综述重点关注各种听力损失模型中免疫细胞的研究，并强调了为阐明免疫反应与听力损失之间的联系可采取的步骤。免疫系统与以前被认为是免疫豁免的组织（如耳蜗）之间的相互作用是一个新兴的研究领域，对耳蜗损伤反应的免疫成分进行更多研究将对该领域做出重要贡献。
