EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France.
EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; Irset INSERM-UMR1085, Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, France.
Environ Int. 2017 Jul;104:76-82. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.007. Epub 2017 Apr 26.
Pyrethroids are insecticides frequently used in agriculture and in the home; exposure occurs through dietary and non-dietary pathways, including indoor and outdoor environmental contamination. Our objective was to study the potential determinants of pyrethroid metabolite concentrations measured in children's urine samples and in the dust of their homes. Specifically, we measured urinary metabolites from morning spot samples of 245 six-year-old children living in Brittany (France) in 2009-2012 and from dust vacuumed from the floor of their homes. Mothers reported home insecticide use, dietary habits, sociodemographic data; residential and school proximity to agricultural crops was assessed with spatialized data. The metabolites cis-DBCA, trans-DCCA, cis-DCCA, 3-PBA, and F-PBA were detected in 84, 95, 64, 63, and 16% of the urine samples, respectively. Permethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, and tetramethrin pyrethroids were detected in 100, 56, 9, 15, and 26% of the dust samples, respectively. Multiple regression analysis suggested diet plays a role in children's exposure, in particular, the food groups "pasta, rice or semolina" (for cis-DCCA and F-PBA), fruit (3-PBA), "breakfast cereals and whole grain bread" (cis-DBCA), and the global proportion of organic food in diet (for cis-DBCA, trans-DCCA). Children with a parent occupationally exposed to pesticides were about 3-times more likely to have higher urinary concentrations of 3-PBA (OR=2.8, 95% CI [1.2; 6.5]). Dust content was correlated mainly with household insecticide use: higher mean concentrations of permethrin (β=0.8 [0.3; 1.3], in μg/g) and an increased risk of a detectable level of cyfluthrin (OR=4.7 [1.7; 12.9]) were observed in home dust, for indoor use of at least twice a year. Outdoor insecticide use at least once a year was associated with detection in dust of cypermethrin (OR=3.0 [1.3; 6.7]) and tetramethrin (OR=3.7 [1.6; 8.3]). Three positive and one negative correlations (out of 11) between urinary metabolite concentrations and home dust contents of their possible corresponding parent compounds were observed. The strength of this study lies in its concurrent use of biomarkers, environmental measurements, and potential sources of exposure. Its limitations include the use of a single urine sample and imprecise data about pyrethroid use in local agriculture.
拟除虫菊酯是农业和家庭中常用的杀虫剂；其暴露途径包括饮食和非饮食途径，包括室内和室外环境的污染。我们的目的是研究儿童尿液样本和家庭灰尘中拟除虫菊酯代谢物浓度的潜在决定因素。具体来说，我们测量了 2009-2012 年生活在布列塔尼（法国）的 245 名 6 岁儿童的晨点尿液样本和从家中地板上吸尘的灰尘中的代谢物。母亲报告了家庭杀虫剂的使用情况、饮食习惯、社会人口学数据；通过空间化数据评估了住宅和学校与农业作物的接近程度。在 84%、95%、64%、63%和 16%的尿液样本中分别检测到顺式-DBCA、反式-DCCA、顺式-DCCA、3-PBA 和 F-PBA 代谢物。在 100%、56%、9%、15%和 26%的灰尘样本中分别检测到氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和四氟菊酯拟除虫菊酯。多变量回归分析表明，饮食在儿童暴露中起着作用，特别是“意大利面、大米或粗粒小麦粉”（用于顺式-DCCA 和 F-PBA）、水果（3-PBA）、“早餐麦片和全麦面包”（顺式-DBCA）和饮食中有机食品的总体比例（用于顺式-DBCA、反式-DCCA）。父母职业性接触农药的儿童尿液中 3-PBA 的浓度更高（比值比[OR]=2.8，95%置信区间[1.2；6.5]）。灰尘含量主要与家庭中杀虫剂的使用有关：家中至少每年使用两次的拟除虫菊酯（β=0.8[0.3；1.3]，μg/g）和氯氟氰菊酯的检出风险增加（OR=4.7[1.7；12.9]）。每年至少一次室外使用杀虫剂与灰尘中氯氰菊酯（OR=3.0[1.3；6.7]）和四氟菊酯（OR=3.7[1.6；8.3]）的检出有关。在 11 个可能的对应母体化合物中，尿液代谢物浓度与家庭灰尘含量之间观察到 3 个正相关和 1 个负相关（11 个中的 3 个）。该研究的优势在于同时使用了生物标志物、环境测量和潜在的暴露源。其局限性包括使用单一尿液样本和对当地农业中拟除虫菊酯使用的不精确数据。
