Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Austria.
Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Austria; Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2017 Oct;111:38-86. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.345. Epub 2017 Apr 26.
Based on the significance of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in health and disease, this review focuses on human studies addressing oxidation of LDL, including three lines of biomarkers, (i) ex vivo LDL resistance to oxidation, a "challenge test" model, (ii) circulating oxidized LDL, indicating the "current in vivo status", and (iii) autoantibodies against oxidized LDL as fingerprints of an immune response to oxidized LDL, along with circulating oxysterols and 4-hydroxynonenal as biomarkers of lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation and oxidized LDL are hallmarks in the development of various metabolic, cardiovascular and other diseases. Changes further occur across life stages from infancy to older age as well as in athletes and smokers. Given their responsiveness to targeted nutritional interventions, markers of LDL oxidation have been employed in a rapidly growing number of human studies for more than 2 decades. There is growing interest in foods, which, besides providing energy and nutrients, exert beneficial effects on human health, such as protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage. Any health claim, however, needs to be substantiated by supportive evidence derived from human studies, using reliable biomarkers to demonstrate such beneficial effects. A large body of evidence has accumulated, demonstrating protection of LDL from oxidation by bioactive food compounds, including vitamins, other micronutrients and secondary plant ingredients, which will facilitate the selection of oxidation biomarkers for future human intervention studies and health claim support.
基于氧化型低密度脂蛋白（LDL）在健康和疾病中的重要性，本综述重点关注人类研究中 LDL 的氧化问题，包括三种生物标志物：（i）体外 LDL 对氧化的抵抗力，即“挑战试验”模型；（ii）循环氧化型 LDL，表明“当前体内状态”；（iii）针对氧化型 LDL 的自身抗体作为对氧化型 LDL 免疫反应的指纹，以及循环氧化固醇和 4-羟基壬烯醛作为脂质过氧化的生物标志物。脂质过氧化和氧化型 LDL 是各种代谢性、心血管性和其他疾病发展的标志。这些变化还发生在从婴儿期到老年期以及运动员和吸烟者等不同生命阶段。鉴于其对靶向营养干预的反应性，LDL 氧化标志物已在 20 多年来的大量人类研究中得到应用。人们对食物的兴趣日益浓厚，这些食物除了提供能量和营养外，还对人类健康产生有益影响，例如保护 DNA、蛋白质和脂质免受氧化损伤。然而，任何健康声明都需要通过人类研究中支持性证据来证实，使用可靠的生物标志物来证明这些有益效果。大量证据表明，包括维生素、其他微量营养素和植物次生成分在内的生物活性食物化合物可以保护 LDL 免受氧化，这将有助于选择未来人类干预研究和健康声明支持的氧化生物标志物。
