Hashemi Hassan, Nabovati Payam, Yekta Abbasali, Ostadimoghaddam Hadi, Behnia Bardia, Khabazkhoob Mehdi
a Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology , Noor Eye Hospital , Tehran , Iran.
b Noor Ophthalmology Research Center , Noor Eye Hospital , Tehran , Iran.
Strabismus. 2017 Jun;25(2):60-66. doi: 10.1080/09273972.2017.1317820. Epub 2017 May 2.
To determine the prevalence of different types of strabismus and heterophoria and their associated factors in underserved rural areas of Iran.
Two rural areas in the north and southwest of Iran were randomly sampled using multistage cluster sampling. Individuals aged over 1 year, totaling 3851, were invited to participate in the study. In addition to collecting demographic data, optometric examinations were performed for each participant. Unilateral and alternating cover tests were performed at far (6 m) and near (40 cm) to detect tropia and phoria, respectively, and the magnitude of the deviation was measured using alternating cover test and prism bar. Tropia was defined as the presence of constant unilateral or alternating horizontal strabismus (exotropia or esotropia) at either far or near fixation distances. Far and near exophoria were defined as more than 3 prism diopters (PD) and 9 PD of exophoria at far and near fixation distances, respectively. Far esophoria was defined as more than 1 PD of esophoria at far. Near esophoria was defined as any amount of esophoria at near.
Of 3851 selected individuals, 3314 (86.5%) participated in the study. After excluding those who met the exclusion criteria or had missing data, eventually there were 3248 subjects available for this analysis. The prevalence of tropia and phoria was 4.3% (95% CI: 3.28-5.33) and 28.37% (95% CI: 19.12 -37.61), respectively. The prevalence of exotropia and esotropia was 3.87% (95% CI: 2.77-4.98) and 0.43% (95% CI: 0.19-0.67), respectively. The prevalence of near exophoria, far exophoria, near esophoria, and far esophoria was 25.96 (95% CI: 16.71-35.2), 4.82% (95% CI: 0.23-9.41), 0.47% (95% CI: 0.2-0.75), and 0.34% (95% CI: 0.06-0.63), respectively. In this study, the prevalence of tropia had no significant association with age, sex, living place, and refractive errors (all P values >0.05), while the prevalence of phoria increased significantly with increasing age (P<0.001) and was also significantly associated with living place (P<0.001).
The prevalence of tropia and phoria was high in our study. Moreover, the prevalence of exotropia and exophoria was higher than esotropia and esophoria. The prevalence of phoria was significantly higher in older age groups and in the participants living in the southern villages.
确定伊朗农村贫困地区不同类型斜视和隐斜视的患病率及其相关因素。
采用多阶段整群抽样方法，对伊朗北部和西南部的两个农村地区进行随机抽样。邀请了3851名1岁以上的个体参与研究。除了收集人口统计学数据外，还对每位参与者进行了验光检查。在远距（6米）和近距（40厘米）分别进行单眼和交替遮盖试验，以检测斜视和隐斜视，并用交替遮盖试验和棱镜杆测量偏差的大小。斜视定义为在远距或近距注视时存在恒定的单眼或交替性水平斜视（外斜视或内斜视）。远距和近距外隐斜分别定义为远距和近距注视时外隐斜超过3棱镜度（PD）和9PD。远距内隐斜定义为远距时内隐斜超过1PD。近距内隐斜定义为近距时存在任何量的内隐斜。
在3851名选定个体中，3314名（86.5%）参与了研究。在排除符合排除标准或有缺失数据的个体后，最终有3248名受试者可用于本分析。斜视和隐斜视的患病率分别为4.3%（95%CI：3.28 - 5.33）和28.37%（95%CI：19.12 - 37.61）。外斜视和内斜视的患病率分别为3.87%（95%CI：2.77 - 4.98）和0.43%（95%CI：0.19 - 0.67）。近距外隐斜、远距外隐斜、近距内隐斜和远距内隐斜的患病率分别为25.96（95%CI：16.71 - 35.2）、4.82%（95%CI：0.23 - 9.41）、0.47%（95%CI：0.2 - 0.75）和0.34%（95%CI：0.06 - 0.63）。在本研究中，斜视的患病率与年龄、性别、居住地点和屈光不正均无显著关联（所有P值>0.05），而隐斜视的患病率随年龄增长显著增加（P<0.001），且与居住地点也显著相关（P<0.001）。
在我们的研究中，斜视和隐斜视的患病率较高。此外，外斜视和外隐斜的患病率高于内斜视和内隐斜。老年组和居住在南部村庄的参与者中隐斜视的患病率显著更高。
