van der Linden Meta, Hooghe Marc, de Vroome Thomas, Van Laar Colette
Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
PLoS One. 2017 May 8;12(5):e0177369. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177369. eCollection 2017.
The aim of this study is twofold. First, we expand on the literature by testing whether generalized trust is negatively related to anti-immigrant sentiments in Europe. Second, we examine to what extent the relation between generalized trust and anti-immigrant sentiments is dependent upon cross-group friendships. We apply multilevel linear regression modeling to representative survey data enriched with levels of ethnic diversity covering 21 European countries. Results show that both generalized trust and cross-group friendship are negatively related to anti-immigrant sentiments. However, there is a negligible positive relation between generalized trust and cross-group friendship (r = .10), and we can clearly observe that they operate independently from one another. Hence, trusting actors are not more likely to form more cross-group friendships, and cross-group friendship do not lead to the development of more generalized trust. Instead, the findings show that generalized trust leads immigrants too to be included in the radius of trusted others and, as a consequence, the benign effects of generalized trust apply to them as well. We conclude that the strength of generalized trust is a form of generalization, beyond the confines of individual variations in intergroup experiences.
本研究有两个目的。其一，我们通过检验在欧洲普遍信任是否与反移民情绪呈负相关来拓展相关文献。其二，我们考察普遍信任与反移民情绪之间的关系在多大程度上依赖于跨群体友谊。我们将多层线性回归模型应用于涵盖21个欧洲国家、包含种族多样性水平的代表性调查数据。结果表明，普遍信任和跨群体友谊均与反移民情绪呈负相关。然而，普遍信任与跨群体友谊之间存在可忽略不计的正相关关系（r = 0.10），并且我们可以清楚地观察到它们彼此独立起作用。因此，有信任倾向的人并不更有可能形成更多的跨群体友谊，跨群体友谊也不会导致更多普遍信任的发展。相反，研究结果表明，普遍信任也会让移民被纳入受信任他人的范围，因此，普遍信任的良性影响也适用于他们。我们得出结论，普遍信任的强度是一种泛化形式，超越了群体间经历中个体差异的范围。
