Koščak Tivadar Blanka
Mediko, d.o.o., Višnja Gora, Slovenia.
Biogerontology. 2017 Aug;18(4):477-483. doi: 10.1007/s10522-017-9708-6. Epub 2017 May 10.
Good cognitive abilities (CA) enable autonomy, improve social inclusion and act preventively. Regular physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, at the same time, it reduces the decline of CA and stimulates neurogenesis. So PA in connection with cognitive training, nutrition and social interaction has a positive effect on general CA and the central nervous system, the central executor, memory and attention, and reduces the likelihood of developing dementia. Our objective was to examine which sort and intensity of PA is preferred. We did a review, restricted only to human studies, of transparent scientific articles and sample surveys carried out and published in the period between 2001 and 2016 based on the keywords: age, aging, physical activity, physical abilities, cognitive abilities, memory and Alzheimer's disease. According to results CA and PA interact, as an increasing PA of only 10% reduces the risk of dementia and AD significantly. However, there is a question of appropriate intensity of exercise. Low-intensity aerobic exercise has a positive effect on the visual spatial perception and attention, whereas moderate PA has a positive impact on general CA, working memory and attention, verbal memory and attention and vice versa. While the majority of experts recommends vigorous or moderate exercise, many of them warn that higher intensity requires more attention to PA and less to cognitive processes, particularly in terms of reducing reactions, selective attention and flexibility to tasks. There is also a further question what PA should be like. Although some experts believe that the best combination is aerobic PA and exercises against resistance, it is not entirely clear whether the improvement in CA is a result of cardiac vascular fitness. On the other hand, for most elderly it is more suitable to perform an alternative form (not anaerobic) of PA due to comorbidity and actual fragility. We can conclude that PA has a positive effect on CA, but an appropriate intensity and the type of exercise remain unsolved. For the relevant findings it is absolutely necessary to have an interdisciplinary approach.
良好的认知能力（CA）有助于实现自主、促进社会融入并起到预防作用。规律的体育活动（PA）可降低患阿尔茨海默病（AD）的风险，同时还能减缓认知能力的衰退并刺激神经发生。因此，体育活动与认知训练、营养及社交互动相结合，对整体认知能力以及中枢神经系统、中央执行系统、记忆力和注意力均有积极影响，并降低患痴呆症的可能性。我们的目标是研究哪种类型和强度的体育活动更受青睐。我们仅针对人体研究，基于关键词“年龄”“衰老”“体育活动”“身体能力”“认知能力”“记忆力”和“阿尔茨海默病”，对2001年至2016年期间开展并发表的透明科学文章和样本调查进行了综述。根据研究结果，认知能力和体育活动相互作用，因为体育活动仅增加10%就能显著降低患痴呆症和阿尔茨海默病的风险。然而，存在运动强度是否合适的问题。低强度有氧运动对视觉空间感知和注意力有积极影响，而中等强度的体育活动对整体认知能力、工作记忆和注意力、言语记忆和注意力有积极影响，反之亦然。虽然大多数专家推荐剧烈或中等强度的运动，但他们中的许多人警告说，更高强度的运动需要更多关注体育活动，而对认知过程的关注则较少，特别是在减少反应、选择性注意力和任务灵活性方面。还有一个问题是体育活动应该是什么样的。尽管一些专家认为最佳组合是有氧体育活动和抗阻运动，但目前尚不完全清楚认知能力的提高是否是心血管健康的结果。另一方面，由于合并症和身体实际脆弱性，对大多数老年人来说，进行另一种形式（非无氧）的体育活动更为合适。我们可以得出结论，体育活动对认知能力有积极影响，但合适的强度和运动类型仍未解决。对于相关研究结果，绝对有必要采用跨学科方法。
