Papendick Michael, Bohner Gerd
Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
PLoS One. 2017 May 11;12(5):e0177550. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177550. eCollection 2017.
Three experiments (total N = 464) were conducted in parallel with English- and German-speaking participants to examine the perceived meanings and effects of the labels "victim" versus "survivor" (and their German equivalents) when applied to a woman who was raped. In Study 1 (N = 179), participants read a rape vignette and then rated the meaning of the label it contained (either "victim" or "survivor") on a 15-item semantic differential. Independent of language and participant gender, "survivor" was perceived more positively overall (e.g., as strong, brave, active) than was "victim" (weak, passive, but also innocent). In Study 2 (N = 95), labels were varied within items assessing judgments of an acquaintance-rape case (e.g., "Does the victim [survivor] … carry a certain responsibility for what happened?"), focusing on short-term outcomes. Significant interaction effects of label and participants' gender emerged on case-related judgments. Participants in both language samples judged "survivor" to be a less appropriate term than "victim". In Study 3 (N = 190), participants read a text in which a woman who had been raped labeled herself as either "victim" or "survivor", focusing on the coping with sexual violence. As in Study 2, German-language participants showed no significant effects of the label on their case judgments but rejected the term "survivor" as inappropriate; English-language participants, by contrast, perceived the woman describing herself as "survivor" to be more psychologically stable and regarded the use of both labels as appropriate. Results are discussed in terms of their applied relevance for communicating about sexual violence.
我们进行了三项实验（总样本量N = 464），参与者分别说英语和德语，目的是探究“受害者”与“幸存者”（以及它们的德语对应词）这两个标签应用于一名被强奸女性时，人们对其含义和影响的认知。在研究1（N = 179）中，参与者阅读一则强奸案例 vignette，然后在一个包含15个项目的语义差异量表上对案例中所使用的标签（“受害者”或“幸存者”）的含义进行评分。无论语言和参与者性别如何，总体而言，“幸存者”比“受害者”被认为更积极（例如，强壮、勇敢、积极），而“受害者”则被认为是软弱、消极但也无辜的。在研究2（N = 95）中，在评估熟人强奸案判决的项目中改变标签（例如，“受害者[幸存者]……对所发生的事情是否负有一定责任？”），重点关注短期结果。标签和参与者性别的显著交互效应出现在与案件相关的判决中。两个语言样本的参与者都认为“幸存者”这个词不如“受害者”合适。在研究3（N = 190）中，参与者阅读一篇文章，其中一名被强奸的女性将自己标记为“受害者”或“幸存者”，重点是应对性暴力。与研究2一样，德语参与者没有显示出标签对他们案件判决的显著影响，但认为“幸存者”这个词不合适而予以拒绝；相比之下，英语参与者认为将自己描述为“幸存者”的女性心理上更稳定，并且认为两个标签的使用都是合适的。我们从这些结果在性暴力交流方面的应用相关性角度进行了讨论。
