Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224.
Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018 Apr 2;8(4):a029736. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029736.
Accumulating research in rodents and humans indicates that exercise benefits brain function and may prevent or delay onset of neurodegenerative conditions. In particular, exercise modifies the structure and function of the hippocampus, a brain area important for learning and memory. This review addresses the central and peripheral mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on the hippocampus. We focus on running-induced changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, neural circuitry, neurotrophins, synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitters, and vasculature. The role of peripheral factors in hippocampal plasticity is also highlighted. We discuss recent evidence that systemic factors released from peripheral organs such as muscle (myokines), liver (hepatokines), and adipose tissue (adipokines) during exercise contribute to hippocampal neurotrophin and neurogenesis levels, and memory function. A comprehensive understanding of the body-brain axis is needed to elucidate how exercise improves hippocampal plasticity and cognition.
越来越多的啮齿动物和人类研究表明，运动有益于大脑功能，可预防或延缓神经退行性疾病的发生。特别是，运动可以改变海马体的结构和功能，海马体是学习和记忆的重要区域。本综述介绍了运动对海马体有益影响的中枢和外周机制。我们重点讨论了跑步引起的成年海马体神经发生、神经回路、神经营养因子、突触可塑性、神经递质和血管的变化。外周因素在海马体可塑性中的作用也得到了强调。我们讨论了最近的证据，即运动时肌肉（肌因子）、肝脏（肝因子）和脂肪组织（脂肪因子）等外周器官释放的系统因子有助于海马体神经营养因子和神经发生水平以及记忆功能。为了阐明运动如何改善海马体的可塑性和认知能力，需要全面了解身体-大脑轴。
