From the INSERM UMR 1063 Stress oxydant et pathologies métaboliques, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, France.
Circ Res. 2017 May 12;120(10):1674-1686. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.309419.
Metabolic syndrome defines a cluster of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. These factors include metabolic abnormalities, such as hyperglycemia, elevated triglyceride levels, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and obesity, mainly central adiposity. In this context, extracellular vesicles (EVs) may represent novel effectors that might help to elucidate disease-specific pathways in metabolic disease. Indeed, EVs (a terminology that encompasses microparticles, exosomes, and apoptotic bodies) are emerging as a novel mean of cell-to-cell communication in physiology and pathology because they represent a new way to convey fundamental information between cells. These microstructures contain proteins, lipids, and genetic information able to modify the phenotype and function of the target cells. EVs carry specific markers of the cell of origin that make possible monitoring their fluctuations in the circulation as potential biomarkers inasmuch their circulating levels are increased in metabolic syndrome patients. Because of the mixed components of EVs, the content or the number of EVs derived from distinct cells of origin, the mode of cell stimulation, and the ensuing mechanisms for their production, it is difficult to attribute specific functions as drivers or biomarkers of diseases. This review reports recent data of EVs from different origins, including endothelial, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, hepatocytes, adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and finally, those from microbiota as bioeffectors of message, leading to metabolic syndrome. Depicting the complexity of the mechanisms involved in their functions reinforce the hypothesis that EVs are valid biomarkers, and they represent targets that can be harnessed for innovative therapeutic approaches.
代谢综合征定义了一组与心血管疾病和糖尿病相关的相互关联的风险因素。这些因素包括代谢异常，如高血糖、甘油三酯水平升高、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平降低、高血压和肥胖，主要是中心性肥胖。在这种情况下，细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 可能代表新的效应物，有助于阐明代谢疾病中的特定疾病途径。事实上，EVs（涵盖微粒、外泌体和凋亡小体的术语）作为一种新的细胞间通讯方式在生理和病理中出现，因为它们代表了在细胞之间传递基本信息的新方式。这些微结构包含能够改变靶细胞表型和功能的蛋白质、脂质和遗传信息。EVs 携带起源细胞的特定标志物，使得可以监测它们在循环中的波动，作为代谢综合征患者潜在的生物标志物，因为它们的循环水平升高。由于 EVs 的混合成分、源自不同起源细胞的 EVs 的数量或内容、细胞刺激的方式以及产生它们的后续机制，因此很难将特定功能归因于疾病的驱动因素或生物标志物。本综述报告了来自不同来源的 EVs 的最新数据，包括内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞、巨噬细胞、肝细胞、脂肪细胞、骨骼肌，最后是来自微生物群的 EVs，它们作为代谢综合征的信使生物效应物。描绘它们功能中涉及的机制的复杂性，加强了这样一种假设，即 EVs 是有效的生物标志物，它们代表了可以被利用的治疗靶点。
