Nugent Elizabeth K, Nugent Anne K, Nugent Rebecca, Nugent Kenneth
University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
Am J Med Sci. 2017 May;353(5):466-473. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.12.018. Epub 2016 Dec 30.
The Zika virus is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA arbovirus in the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus. This virus was initially isolated in Africa and is transmitted to nonhuman primates and humans by mosquitoes. Initial reports describe sporadic mild viral infection with fever, arthralgia, myalgia and conjunctivitis in Africa and Asia. However, its geographic distribution has significantly increased, and it has caused large outbreaks in the Yap Islands in 2007, in French Polynesia in 2013 and in Brazil in 2015. Multiple cases of Guillain-Barre´ syndrome occurred in French Polynesia and Columbia during outbreaks, and infections in pregnant women in Brazil have been associated with microcephaly and fetal loss. The viremic phase in humans is short, and diagnosis usually depends on positive immunoglobulin M titers with serum neutralization tests for confirmation. Treatment is directed at symptoms; there are no antiviral drugs available. Transmission can also occur through sexual contact with infected men and through blood transfusion. Prevention is important in women and includes limiting travel to endemic areas when possible, control of mosquito populations and condom use when appropriate. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is actively involved in tracking these infections and providing up-to-date information.
寨卡病毒是黄病毒科黄病毒属的一种正义单链RNA虫媒病毒。该病毒最初在非洲分离出来，通过蚊子传播给非人类灵长类动物和人类。最初的报告描述了非洲和亚洲出现的伴有发热、关节痛、肌痛和结膜炎的散发性轻度病毒感染。然而，其地理分布显著扩大，2007年在雅浦群岛、2013年在法属波利尼西亚以及2015年在巴西引发了大规模疫情。疫情期间，法属波利尼西亚和哥伦比亚出现了多例吉兰-巴雷综合征病例，巴西孕妇感染与小头畸形和胎儿死亡有关。人类病毒血症期较短，诊断通常依赖血清中和试验中免疫球蛋白M滴度呈阳性来确诊。治疗针对症状；目前没有可用的抗病毒药物。传播也可通过与受感染男性的性接触以及输血发生。对女性而言，预防很重要，包括尽可能限制前往流行地区、控制蚊虫数量以及在适当的时候使用避孕套。疾病控制与预防中心正积极参与追踪这些感染情况并提供最新信息。
