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埃塞俄比亚南部家禽业分离出的沙门氏菌的来源及抗菌耐药模式的测定

Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia.

作者信息

Abdi Reta Duguma, Mengstie Fisseha, Beyi Ashenafi Feyisa, Beyene Takele, Waktole Hika, Mammo Bedasso, Ayana Dinka, Abunna Fufa

机构信息

College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.

Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA.

出版信息

BMC Infect Dis. 2017 May 18;17(1):352. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2437-2.

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Ethiopia set an ambitious masterplan to increase chicken meat and egg production from 2015 to 2020. Poultry breeding, multiplication and distribution centers in the country have received executive order to import, amplify and distribute commercial chickens to end users. The biosecurity and the pathogen fauna of the centers have not been evaluated as to whether the centers could implement the mission effectively without any risk. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biosecurity practices and the pathogen prevalence, risk factors and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using Salmonella as case study.

METHODS

Routine farm workers of the centers were interviewed about the different management (biosecurity) practices using a checklist. Samples (n = 270) from different sources consisting of chicken's cloacal swab (n = 244), personnel hand swab (n = 9) and bedding (n = 17) were collected from three chicken multiplication centers. Standard bacteriological methods were used for the isolation of Salmonella. Disk diffusion method was used for drug sensitivity testing.

RESULTS

Antimicrobials were often over prescribed without confirming the cause of ill health and without susceptibility testing. The general biosecurity and flock management practices were substandard. Salmonella was isolated from 45 (16.7%) of the 270 samples. Its prevalence was significantly (p<0.05) associated with location of the multiplication center, 27% at Bonga and 10.6% at Hawassa. Sample type was also significantly (p<0.05) affected in that it was higher in the bedding (35.3%) and personnel hand swabs (33.3%) than in the chicken cloaca (14.8%), which demonstrates the poor biosecurity and personnel hygienic practices in the centers. All of the 45 isolates (100%) exhibited resistance to kanamycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid (97.8%), ampicillin (97.8%), cefoxitin (97.8%), streptomycin (97.8%) tetracycline (97.8%), chloramphenicol (91.3%), ciprofloxacin (31.1%), and gentamicin (0%). Alarmingly, 42 isolates (93.4%) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) to ≥ 8 drugs and all 45 isolates had resistance to ≥ 3 drugs. The high rate of Salmonella isolation from (i) bedding, (ii) personnel hand swabs (iii) chickens, (iv) presence of more MDR isolates, (v) coupled with poor biosecurity practices in the centers could pose a risk for spreading of pathogens and drug resistant genes to the smallholder chicken producers and the public.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that the poultry breeding, multiplication and distribution centers in Ethiopia, as they stand currently, seem to be a source of pathogens and AMR isolates at least for Salmonella. Therefore, strict biosecurity, personnel safety, prudent drug use, regular monitoring and traceability of Salmonella serotypes or genotypes and AMR are recommended.

摘要

背景

埃塞俄比亚制定了一项宏伟的总体规划,旨在2015年至2020年期间增加鸡肉和鸡蛋产量。该国的家禽育种、繁殖和配送中心已接到行政命令,要进口、扩繁并向终端用户分发商业鸡种。这些中心的生物安全措施以及病原体种类尚未经过评估,以确定这些中心能否在无任何风险的情况下有效执行任务。因此,本研究的目的是以沙门氏菌为例,评估生物安全措施、病原体流行情况、风险因素及其抗菌药物耐药性(AMR)。

方法

使用清单就不同的管理(生物安全)措施对各中心的常规农场工人进行访谈。从三个鸡繁殖中心采集了270份不同来源的样本,包括鸡泄殖腔拭子(244份)、人员手部拭子(9份)和垫料(17份)。采用标准细菌学方法分离沙门氏菌,并使用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。

结果

抗菌药物经常在未确认健康问题原因且未进行药敏试验的情况下过度开具。总体生物安全和鸡群管理措施不合标准。在270份样本中,有45份(16.7%)分离出沙门氏菌。其流行率与繁殖中心的位置显著相关(p<0.05),邦加中心为27%,哈瓦萨中心为10.6%。样本类型也受到显著影响(p<0.05),垫料(35.3%)和人员手部拭子(33.3%)中的沙门氏菌检出率高于鸡泄殖腔(14.8%),这表明各中心的生物安全措施和人员卫生习惯较差。45株分离株全部(100%)对卡那霉素和磺胺甲恶唑-甲氧苄啶耐药,对萘啶酸耐药率为97.8%,氨苄西林为97.8%,头孢西丁为97.8%,链霉素为97.8%四环素为97.8%,氯霉素为91.3%,环丙沙星为31.1%,庆大霉素为0%。令人担忧的是,42株分离株(93.4%)对≥8种药物表现出多重耐药(MDR),所有45株分离株对≥3种药物耐药。从(i)垫料、(ii)人员手部拭子、(iii)鸡中分离出沙门氏菌的比例较高,(iv)多重耐药分离株较多,(v)再加上各中心生物安全措施较差,可能会使病原体和耐药基因传播给小农户养鸡户和公众。

结论

我们得出结论,埃塞俄比亚目前的家禽育种、繁殖和配送中心似乎至少是沙门氏菌病原体和AMR分离株的一个来源。因此,建议采取严格的生物安全措施、人员安全措施、谨慎使用药物、定期监测以及对沙门氏菌血清型或基因型和AMR进行溯源。

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