1 Department of Psychology, University of Chicago.
2 Center for the Study of Race, Politics, and Culture, University of Chicago.
Perspect Psychol Sci. 2017 May;12(3):468-507. doi: 10.1177/1745691616677828.
Inferring the relative rank (i.e., status) of others is essential to navigating social hierarchies. A survey of the expanding social psychological and neuroscience literatures on status reveals a diversity of focuses (e.g., perceiver vs. agent), operationalizations (e.g., status as dominance vs. wealth), and methodologies (e.g., behavioral, neuroscientific). Accommodating this burgeoning literature on status in person perception, the present review offers a novel social neuroscientific framework that integrates existing work with theoretical clarity. This framework distinguishes between five key concepts: (1) strategic pathways to status acquisition for agents, (2) status antecedents (i.e., perceptual and knowledge-based cues that confer status rank), (3) status dimensions (i.e., domains in which an individual may be ranked, such as wealth), (4) status level (i.e., one's rank along a given dimension), and (5) the relative importance of a given status dimension, dependent on perceiver and context characteristics. Against the backdrop of this framework, we review multiple dimensions of status in the nonhuman and human primate literatures. We then review the behavioral and neuroscientific literatures on the consequences of perceived status for attention and evaluation. Finally, after proposing a social neuroscience framework, we highlight innovative directions for future social status research in social psychology and neuroscience.
推断他人的相对地位（即身份地位）对于驾驭社会等级制度至关重要。对不断扩展的社会心理学和神经科学领域关于地位的文献进行调查，揭示了各种关注点（例如，感知者与行动者）、操作化方法（例如，地位作为支配力与财富）和方法论（例如，行为、神经科学）。为了在人际感知中容纳关于地位的这些新兴文献，本综述提供了一个新颖的社会神经科学框架，该框架以理论清晰性整合了现有工作。该框架区分了五个关键概念：（1）行动者获取地位的策略途径，（2）地位的前提条件（即赋予地位等级的感知和基于知识的线索），（3）地位维度（即个人可能被排名的领域，例如财富），（4）地位水平（即给定维度上的个人排名），以及（5）给定地位维度的相对重要性，取决于感知者和情境特征。在这个框架的背景下，我们回顾了非人类和人类灵长类动物文献中关于地位的多个维度。然后，我们回顾了关于感知到的地位对注意力和评价的影响的行为和神经科学文献。最后，在提出社会神经科学框架后，我们强调了社会心理学和神经科学中未来社会地位研究的创新方向。
