Zeb Anwar, Ullah Farhat, Ayaz Muhammad, Ahmad Sajjad, Sadiq Abdul
Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir, KPK, (L)18000, Pakistan.
BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 May 30;17(1):284. doi: 10.1186/s12906-017-1798-9.
Since long, natural sources have been explored for possible managements of various diseases. In this context, the study is designed to evaluate Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth for biological potentials including antibacterial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, anti-termites and anti-Pharaoh activities followed by GC-MS analysis of active fraction to identify various bioactive compounds.
I. rugosus was investigated against eight bacterial strains using well diffusion method and microdilution method with ceftriaxone as positive control. Similarly, the insecticidal activity was carried out against Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, Monomorium pharaonis and Heterotermis indicola following contact toxicity method. Likewise, anthelmintic activity was performed against Ascaridia galli and Pherethima posthuma using albendazole as positive control, in which the paralysis and death times of the worms were observed. The GC-MS analysis of the most active solvent fraction was performed for identifications of various bioactive compounds.
Among the tested samples of I. rugosus, flavonoids and ethyl acetate fraction exhibited high antibacterial activities. The crude saponins showed highest anthelmintic activity against Pherethima posthuma and Ascaridia galli with death times of 27.67 and 29.22 min respectively at concentrations of 40 mg/ml. In insecticidal activity, chloroform fraction and saponins exhibited notable results against R. dominica (60 and 70%) and T. castaneum (70 and 76%) at concentration of 200 mg/ml. In anti-termite assay, all the plant samples showed overwhelming results, i.e. all the 25 termites were killed on the 3rd day. Similarly, in anti-Pharaoh activity, the chloroform, ethyl acetate and saponins fractions were most potent, each exhibiting LD of <0.1 mg/ml. In GC-MS analysis, total of 57 compounds were identified. Some of the bioactive compounds identified in GC-MS analysis are palmitic acid, hinokiol, α-amyrin, phytol, ethyl linolate, cyclohexanone, hinokione, methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate and stigmasterol acetate.
Based on our current results, it can be concluded that I. rugosus possess strong antibacterial, insecticidal and anthelmintic potentials having crude saponins and ethyl acetate as the most active fractions. The GC-MS analysis and biological assays reveal that ethyl acetate fraction is a suitable target for the isolation of diverse array of bioactive compounds.
长期以来，人们一直在探索天然资源用于各种疾病的可能治疗方法。在此背景下，本研究旨在评估皱叶香茶菜（Isodon rugosus Wall. ex Benth）的生物活性，包括抗菌、驱虫、杀虫、抗白蚁和抗法老蚁活性，随后对活性部位进行气相色谱 - 质谱（GC - MS）分析以鉴定各种生物活性化合物。
采用滤纸片扩散法和微量稀释法，以头孢曲松为阳性对照，研究皱叶香茶菜对八种细菌菌株的抗菌活性。同样，采用接触毒性法对赤拟谷盗（Tribolium castaneum）、谷蠹（Rhyzopertha dominica）、法老蚁（Monomorium pharaonis）和黄翅大白蚁（Heterotermis indicola）进行杀虫活性研究。同样，以阿苯达唑为阳性对照，对鸡蛔虫（Ascaridia galli）和参环毛蚓（Pherethima posthuma）进行驱虫活性研究，观察蠕虫的麻痹和死亡时间。对活性最强的溶剂部位进行GC - MS分析以鉴定各种生物活性化合物。
在皱叶香茶菜的测试样品中，黄酮类化合物和乙酸乙酯部位表现出较高的抗菌活性。粗皂苷对参环毛蚓和鸡蛔虫表现出最高的驱虫活性，在浓度为40mg/ml时，死亡时间分别为27.67分钟和29.22分钟。在杀虫活性方面，氯仿部位和皂苷在浓度为200mg/ml时对谷蠹（60%和70%）和赤拟谷盗（70%和76%）表现出显著效果。在抗白蚁试验中，所有植物样品都取得了压倒性的结果，即在第3天所有25只白蚁都被杀死。同样，在抗法老蚁活性方面，氯仿、乙酸乙酯和皂苷部位最有效，各自的致死剂量均<0.1mg/ml。在GC - MS分析中，共鉴定出57种化合物。GC - MS分析中鉴定出的一些生物活性化合物有棕榈酸、扁柏醇、α - 香树脂醇、叶绿醇、亚油酸乙酯、环己酮、扁柏酮、棕榈酸甲酯、棕榈酸乙酯和乙酸豆甾醇酯。
基于我们目前的结果，可以得出结论，皱叶香茶菜具有很强的抗菌、杀虫和驱虫潜力，粗皂苷和乙酸乙酯是最具活性的部位。GC - MS分析和生物测定表明，乙酸乙酯部位是分离多种生物活性化合物的合适目标。
