Sobacchi Cristina, Palagano Eleonora, Villa Anna, Menale Ciro
Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan Unit, Milan, Italy.
Human Genome Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2017 May 17;5:32. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00032. eCollection 2017.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that are identified by plastic adherence, colony-forming capacity, expression of a panel of surface molecules, and ability to differentiate at least toward osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. They also produce trophic factors with immunomodulatory, proangiogenic, and antiapoptotic functions influencing the behavior of neighboring cells. On the other hand, a reciprocal regulation takes place; in fact, MSCs can be isolated from several tissues, and depending on the original microenvironment and the range of stimuli received from there, they can display differences in their essential characteristics. Here, we focus mainly on the bone tissue and how soluble factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, and hormones, present in this microenvironment can orchestrate bone marrow-derived MSCs fate. We also briefly describe the alteration of MSCs behavior in pathological settings such as hematological cancer, bone metastasis, and bone marrow failure syndromes. Overall, the possibility to modulate MSCs plasticity makes them an attractive tool for diverse applications of tissue regeneration in cell therapy. Therefore, the comprehensive understanding of the microenvironment characteristics and components better suited to obtain a specific MSCs response can be extremely useful for clinical use.
间充质干细胞（MSCs）是多能基质细胞，可通过贴壁生长、集落形成能力、一组表面分子的表达以及至少向成骨、成脂和成软骨谱系分化的能力来识别。它们还产生具有免疫调节、促血管生成和抗凋亡功能的营养因子，影响邻近细胞的行为。另一方面，存在相互调节；事实上，MSCs可以从多种组织中分离出来，并且根据原始微环境以及从那里接收到的刺激范围，它们在基本特征上可能会表现出差异。在这里，我们主要关注骨组织以及这种微环境中存在的可溶性因子，如生长因子、细胞因子和激素，如何协调骨髓来源的MSCs命运。我们还简要描述了在血液系统癌症、骨转移和骨髓衰竭综合征等病理情况下MSCs行为的改变。总体而言，调节MSCs可塑性的可能性使其成为细胞治疗中组织再生多种应用的有吸引力的工具。因此，全面了解更适合获得特定MSCs反应的微环境特征和成分对于临床应用可能极其有用。
