Department of Parasitology, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
RSUP Dr Sardjito, Jl. Kesehatan No. 1, Sekip, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Parasit Vectors. 2017 Jun 5;10(1):283. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2215-4.
Aedes aegypti is the main vector of several arthropod-borne viral infections in the tropics profoundly affecting humans, such as dengue fever (DF), West Nile (WN), chikungunya and more recently Zika. Eradication of Aedes still largely depends on insecticides, which is the most cost-effective strategy, and often inefficient due to resistance development in exposed Aedes populations. We here conducted a study of Ae. aegypti resistance towards several insecticides regularly used in the city of Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
Aedes aegypti egg samples were collected with ovitraps and thereafter hatched in the insectary of the Gadjah Mada University. The F0 generation was used for all bioassay-related experiments and knockdown resistance (kdr) assays.
Results clearly showed resistance development of Ae. aegypti against tested insecticides. Mortalities of Ae. aegypti were less than 90% with highest resistance observed against 0.75% permethrin. Mosquitoes from the southern parts of Denpasar presented high level of resistance pattern in comparison to those from the western and northern parts of Denpasar. Kdr analysis of voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene showed significant association to S989P and V1016G mutations linked to resistance phenotypes against 0.75% permethrin. Conversely, Ae. aegypti F1534C gene mutation did not result in any significant correlation to resistance development.
Periodically surveillance of insecticide resistances in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes will help local public health authorities to set better goals and allow proper evaluation of on-going mosquito control strategies. Initial detection of insecticide resistance will contribute to conduct proper actions in delaying mosquito resistance development such as insecticide rotation or combination of compounds in order to prolong chemical efficacy in combating Ae. aegypti vectors in Indonesia.
埃及伊蚊是热带地区几种虫媒病毒感染的主要媒介，对人类健康有严重影响，如登革热（DF）、西尼罗河（WN）、基孔肯雅热和最近的寨卡病毒等。消灭埃及伊蚊在很大程度上仍然依赖于杀虫剂，这是最具成本效益的策略，但由于暴露的埃及伊蚊种群产生了抗药性，往往效率低下。我们在这里对印度尼西亚巴厘岛登巴萨市经常使用的几种杀虫剂对埃及伊蚊的抗药性进行了研究。
用诱卵器收集埃及伊蚊卵样本，然后在加查马达大学的昆虫饲养室孵化。F0 代用于所有与生物测定相关的实验和击倒抗性（kdr）测定。
结果清楚地显示了埃及伊蚊对测试杀虫剂的抗药性发展。埃及伊蚊的死亡率低于 90%，对 0.75%氯菊酯的抗性最高。与登巴萨市西部和北部的蚊子相比，来自南部的蚊子表现出更高的抗性模式。电压门控钠离子通道（Vgsc）基因的 kdr 分析显示，S989P 和 V1016G 突变与对 0.75%氯菊酯的抗性表型显著相关。相反，埃及伊蚊 F1534C 基因突变与抗药性发展没有任何显著相关性。
定期监测埃及伊蚊对杀虫剂的抗药性将有助于当地公共卫生当局设定更好的目标，并允许对正在进行的蚊子控制策略进行适当的评估。早期发现杀虫剂抗性有助于采取适当行动，延缓蚊子抗药性的发展，如杀虫剂轮换或化合物组合，以延长化学防治埃及伊蚊媒介的效果。
